Relationships among phenylalanine ammonia-Iyase activity, simple phenol concentrations and anthocyanin accumulation in apple

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Abstract

Three years of experiments with both fruit and fruit skin disks of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cultivar ‘Delicious’) were carried out to study the relationships among phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, E.C.4.3.1.5) activity, simple phenol concentrations and anthocyanin accumulation. PAL activity increased greatly during 30 days after full bloom (DAFB), decreased rapidly until 60 DAFB, and then remained relatively constant during fruit enlargement and fruit coloring. Simple phenol content generally correlated with changes of PAL activity except at 30–60 DAFB. There were two peaks of anthocyanin accumulation, one at the fruitlet stage and another at the fruit maturation stage. The first peak paralleled changes in PAL activity, but the second did not. l-α-aminooxy-β-phenyl-propionic acid (l-AOPP) inhibited PAL activity in mature fruit and in mature skin disks by approximately 45% and 80%, and reduced simple phenol content by about 36% and 78%, respectively, but did not change anthocyanin content significantly. Fruit bagging significantly inhibited both PAL activity and anthocyanin synthesis, while bag removal enhanced both of them. Application of l-AOPP to fruit immediately after bag removal inhibited PAL activity and reduced both simple phenol and anthocyanin accumulations. We conclude that while PAL catalyzes a reaction to produce precursors of anthocyanin synthesis, under conditions of sufficient precursors, changes in anthocyanin accumulation can occur independently of changes in PAL activity.

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    Present address: Department of Biology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

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