Ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in the mediation of long-lasting effects of estrogen on lordosis behavior

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    • Rapid changes in sociosexual behaviors around transition to and from behavioral estrus, in female rats housed in a seminatural environment

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      Despite the different timing, the behavioral changes during the transition from non-estrus to estrus were similar in intact and ovariectomized, hormone-treated females This observation suggests that intrinsic properties of the hormone actions are more important than extrinsic factors like phase of the light/dark cycle. Estradiol initiates a series of intracellular processes developing over some time, eventually leading to behavioral estrus (Cohen and Pfaff, 1992; Micevych et al., 2017). These processes are reinforced by progesterone (reviewed in Camacho-Arroyo et al., 2017).

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      NO can also affect female sexual behavior through the VMHvl. The VMHvl is a key place for lordosis (Cohen and Pfaff, 1992; Kow and Pfaff, 1998; Pfaff and Sakuma, 1979). About 70% of the nitrergic neurons of the VMH co-express estrogen receptors (Okamura et al., 1994; Rachman et al., 1996) and estrogen increased NOS mRNA expression in the VMHvl in rats (Ceccatelli et al., 1996; Rachman et al., 1998).

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      PR is widely distributed in the brain, and the PR+ neurons that regulate sexual receptivity have yet to be identified unambiguously (Blaustein and Feder, 1979; Olster and Blaustein, 1990; Quadros et al., 2008). The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which contains a small pool of PR+ neurons in its ventrolateral division (VMHvl), is well characterized for its relevance to female mating in mammals (Blaustein, 2008; Cohen and Pfaff, 1992; Flanagan-Cato, 2011; Rubin and Barfield, 1983). Studies with c-Fos suggest that many VMHvl neurons, including a subset of PR+ neurons, are activated after female mating (Flanagan-Cato et al., 2006).

    • Brain-spinal cord neural circuits controlling male sexual function and behavior

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      The LS-MCG connection is sexually dimorphic (its density is significantly higher in females than in males) and may play an important role in lordosis behavior (Tsukahara and Yamanouchi, 2002). MCG also integrates lordosis-facilitating influences in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in rats (Cohen and Pfaff, 1992). Chemosensory cues stimulate male sexual arousal and behavior in rodents.

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