Annual net primary production and efficiency of solar energy utilization in three double-cropping agro-ecosystems in Japan

doi:10.1016/0167-8809(90)90163-8

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

Volume 32, Issues 3–4, October 1990, Pages 241-255

https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90163-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

Annual net production and utilization efficiency of solar energy conversion were studied in three double-cropping agro-ecosystems: upland rice-barley (R-B), peanut-wheat (P-W) and dentcorn-Italian ryegrass (C-I). The investigations were carried out in upland fields in Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan, from June 1985 to May 1988.

The average annual global solar radiation (GSR) recorded was 44–55 × 10² MJ m⁻² during the 3 years. Annual net primary production was 24.4–25.3 MJ m⁻² for the food crops (R-B, P-W) and 53.3 MJ m⁻² for the forage crop (C-I), which was equivalent to 0.54 (R-B), 0.50 (P-W) and 1.20% (C-I) of GSR for the year including the fallow period. Of the total net energy fixed by the crops, ∼ 90% was harvested materials (H). The rest comprised litter (L), stubble and roots (SR), which may be utilized later after decomposition by soil microorganisms. Dry matter production for every 1.0 MJ of GSR absorbed is ∼ 1.0g dry matter for peanut, 1.3–1.5 g for cereal crops (R, B and W) and 2.0–2.3 g for forage crops (C and I).

The annual net production and the efficiency of solar energy utilization were compared with various types of terrestrial ecosystems. Fertile, double-cropping fields in Japan were comparable to or higher in net production than a forest ecosystem.

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GPP and maximum light use efficiency estimates using different approaches over a rotating biodiesel crop
2015, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
Citation Excerpt :
Reported annual GPP values for corn are2 789–1171 g C m−2 (Yan et al., 2009), and 1567 g C m−2 (Wang et al., 2012). The annual GPP of rye, although also high, is in the range of other results published, 744–2097 g C m−2 (Koizumi et al., 1990).2 The same occurred in the case of wheat and peas, 710 and 730 g C m−2, both values being in the range similar to those reported for crops (Zhao et al., 2005).
This paper presents: (a) results of gross primary production (GPP) 8-d estimated values using a light use efficiency model (LUE) in a non-irrigated rotating rapeseed crop in the upper Spanish plateau, and (b) inter-comparison results of observed GPP with those concurrently retrieved by MODIS. The rotation scheme over the four-year study comprised rapeseed, wheat, peas and rye. Rapeseed, peas and, in part, rye grew under well-watered conditions whereas wheat was dominated by drought.
Input data for the LUE model were the fraction of PAR absorbed (FPAR) 8-d products supplied by MODIS (FPAR_MODIS), in situ photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) measurements and a scalar f varying between 0 and 1, to take into account the reduction of the maximum PAR conversion efficiency (ɛ_0LUE) under limiting environmental conditions. In this study, f values were assumed to be dependent on air temperature (T) and the evaporative fraction which was considered a proxy of water availability. ɛ_0LUE, a key parameter in LUE models, which varied according to land use, was derived through the results of a linear regression fit between observed GPP and concurrent G_APAR estimates defined as the product of PAR, FPAR_MODIS and f. Overall, the LUE model provided satisfactory results, R² = 86.3%, significantly improving GPP MODIS estimates (GPP_MODIS), R² = 71.8%. GPP_MODIS uncertainties have primarily been attributed to differences in the f stress factor involved in its formulation (f_MODIS) depending on vapour pressure deficit and T which did not fully describe the environmental stress conditions at the measuring site.
Overall, ɛ_0LUE yielded 3.33 ± 0.10 g C MJ⁻¹ although this varied depending on crop architecture, phenology and prevailing meteorological conditions. Crop-to-crop ɛ_0LUE ranged from 2.74 ± 0.17 to 3.95 ± 0.19 g C MJ⁻¹ for peas and rye, respectively, yielding intermediate values for rapeseed and wheat, 2.92 ± 0.18 and 2.86 ± 0.23 g C MJ⁻¹, respectively. ɛ_0MODIS, derived from the linear fit of GPP versus GPP_MODIS estimates, yielded 2.13 ± 0.10 g C MJ⁻¹ and crop-to-crop ranged from 1.28 ± 0.17 to 2.41 ± 0.12 g C MJ⁻¹ for wheat and rapeseed, respectively. The best linear fits corresponded to crops growing under well-watered conditions, rapeseed and peas, and the worst fits were for wheat, affected by drought. GPP annuals were 1680, 710, 730 and 1410 g C m⁻² for rapeseed, wheat, peas and rye, respectively.
Carbon dynamics and budgets in three upland double-cropping agro-ecosystems in Japan
1993, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Carbon dynamics and budgets were studied in three different double-cropping agro-ecosystems: upland rice-barley (R-B), peanut-wheat (P-W) and dentcorn-Italian ryegrass (C-I). The experiments were carried out in upland fields in Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan, between June 1985 and May 1988.
The annual amount of carbon fixed by the crops in the cropping systems was 617–627 g C m⁻² for the food crop (R-B and P-W) systems and 1358 g C m⁻² for the forage crop (C-I) systems. The amount of carbon supplied to the soil as organic matter was 338–382 g C m⁻² for the food crop systems and 420 g C m⁻² for the forage crop systems. However, the carbon respired by the heterotrophic respiration (respiration of soil fauna and micro-organisms) was 716–798 g C m⁻² and 1050 g C m⁻² in the respective systems. Therefore, the annual carbon balance was estimated to be −400 g C m⁻² for the food crop systems and −600 g C m⁻² for the forage crop systems.
These results suggest that effective agronomic measures are needed to maintain the carbon balance in prevailing agricultural ecosystems in order to sustain soil fertility, and that the upland agro-ecosystems may contribute to the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere as the carbon accumulated in the soil is constantly being released into the atmosphere.
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1993, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
The solar energy impinging upon the agricultural fields of a single village in Shandong province of the People's Republic of China was traced through the crop residues to the cattle that were employed to cultivate the crops. The amount of solar energy captured by the total plant biomass at harvest time (expressed as a percentage of the total incident solar insolation) was 0.96% for wheat, 0.94% for corn and 0.70% for cotton. Over a 1-year period cattle consumed 7.42% of the energy contained in the wheat plant, 5.10% of the cotton plant, and 365 of the corn plant. Less than 1% (0.92%) of the total yearly energetic consumption of the cattle was devoted toward providing power for agricultural work. Thirty-one percent of the cattle energy consumption was returned to the soil as dung. Milk and beef were not consumed by humans in this village. Corn provided 67% of the total energy requirements for this cattle population. It is proposed that this more complete analysis of interttrophic energetic exchange offers certain advantages over the more traditional energetic focus of human targeted products. Subtle inter-relationships are revealed that might otherwise be difficult to recognize in cross-cultural analyses.
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2013, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research
Evaluation of the soil carbon budget under different upland cropping systems in central Hokkaido, Japan
2008, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Changes in carbon flow through Indian agroecosystem between 1950-51 and 1985-86
1996, Journal of Environmental Biology

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Annual net primary production and efficiency of solar energy utilization in three double-cropping agro-ecosystems in Japan

Abstract

Agric. Ecosystems Environ.

Agro-Ecosystems

Agro-Ecosystems

Elucadation of the system of matter cycling in the production and utilization of pasture and forage crops. 6. Energy flow in cutting and rotational cropping systems

J. Jpn. Grassl. Sci.

Energy flow at the producer level. The energy dynamics of grazed grassland 1

Oikos

Potential production and energy conversion in temperate and tropical grasses

Herb. Abstr.

Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals

J. Agric. Sci.

Studies on utilization of solar radiation by crops stands

Jpn. J. Crop Sci.

Radiation balance of paddy field

J. Agric. Meteorol.

Comparative productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in Japan, woth emphasis on the comparison between natural and agricultural systems

Crop productivity and solar energy utilization in various climates in Japan

JIBP Synthesis