Measurement of forces and base overturning moments on the CAARC tall building model in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(92)90361-D

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

Volume 40, Issue 2, June 1992, Pages 103-126

https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90361-D Get rights and content

Abstract

Mean values, rms values, and the spectra of forces and base overturning moments have been measured on a CAARC building model in a nominally uniform flow and in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. The measurements were made at wind angles, α, in the range from 0° to 90°, $α = 0°$ being when the flow is normal to the wide face of the model. The purpose of the work was to acquire data which may be useful for design and to use the data to describe some of the features of the flow.

For a given undisturbed steady streamwise velocity at roof top, rms values of forces and moments measured in the simulated atmospheric boundary layer can be more than four times the uniform flow values. If the wind is normal to the wide face of the model and a change is made from the uniform flow to the simulated boundary layer, then $C_{D}$ (the drag coefficient based on the average value of the dynamic head) increases, organised vortex shedding persists, and the tendency to gallop remains strong. By contrast if the wind is normal to the narrow face of the model, then $C_{D}$ is virtually unchanged, the shedding becomes disorganised, and the tendency to gallop is suppressed. In both the uniform flow and in the simulated boundary layer, high local base suction associated with organised vortex shedding may occur near the bottom of the model.

References (24)

P.A. Blackmore
A comparison of experimental methods for estimating dynamic response of buildings
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1985)
H. Tanaka et al.
Test on the CAARC standard tall building model with a length scale of 1:1000
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1986)
A.M. Goliger et al.
Sensitivity of the CAARC standard building model to geometric scale and turbulence
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1988)
K.C.S. Kwok
Effect of building shape on wind-induced response of tall buildings
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1988)
E. Hjorth-Hansen
Regular drag fluctuations due to air flow normal to a plate-type structure
J. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1977)
C.W. Knisely
Strouhal numbers of rectangular cylinders at incidence: a review and new data
J. Fluids Struct.
(1990)
R.L. Wardlaw et al.
A standard tall building model for the comparison of simulated winds in wind tunnels
W.H. Melbourne
Comparison of measurements of the CAARC standard tall building model in simulated model wind flows
J. Wing. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(1980)
R.E. Whitbread
The Measurement of Non-Steady Wind Forces on Small-Scale Building Models
N.J. Cook
A sensitive 6-component high frequency-range balance for building aerodynamics
J. Phys. E
(1983)

E. Naudascher

Flow-induced streamwise vibration of structures

J. Fluids Struct.

(1987)

E.D. Obasaju et al.

Vortex-induced streamwise oscillations of a square-section cylinder in a uniform stream

J. Fluid Mech.

(1990)

Cited by (65)

Prospect of LES for predicting wind loads and responses of tall buildings: A validation study
2024, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
Wind load evaluation on buildings using large-eddy simulation (LES) poses several critical challenges. The most notable ones include accurately reproducing the approaching atmospheric boundary layer flow conditions and modeling massively separated flows around buildings. This study investigates the capability of LES for predicting cladding and overall loads on a tall building by addressing these key challenges. The results from LES are systematically validated against boundary layer wind tunnel measurements. The validation process unfolds in three key stages. Firstly, the approaching wind profiles were reproduced in LES by integrating a recently developed synthetic inflow turbulence generator with an implicit ground roughness modeling technique. Then, the statistics of the cladding and global loads were compared with the experiment for representative wind directions. Finally, the performance of the LES for predicting wind-induced response is examined, assuming typical structural properties for the building. Overall, the results obtained from each validation step showed encouraging agreement with the experimental measurement. In light of the findings from the current study, it is evident that LES is progressively realizing its potential to be a practical wind load evaluation tool. Selected simulation cases used in this study are available at .
Accuracy of CFD simulations in urban aerodynamics and microclimate: Progress and challenges
2023, Building and Environment
This review outlines historical and recent research progress on the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of urban aerodynamics and microclimates and clarifies future research directions and significant challenges for accuracy and reliability using CFD in this field. First, the development and accepted concepts of verification and validation (V&V) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) in general computer simulations and CFD are reviewed. Subsequently, progress made in V&V and UQ for urban aerodynamics and microclimate CFD simulations is described. The required or acceptable accuracy in this field has been discussed in several studies; however, challenges specific to applying CFD in this area should be recognized considering that the target phenomenon in urban aerodynamics and microclimates is complex. In addition, constructing a conceptual model is challenging and has many uncertainties. Furthermore, this field is characterized by significant spatial distributions of physical quantities, such as wind speed, temperature, and other scalar variables; thus, specific validation metrics and multilateral methods, including a conventional profile comparison, should be used. Therefore, the V&V and UQ processes should be implemented thoroughly, considering the characteristics of urban aerodynamics and microclimates. Discussions presented in this paper are of utmost importance and very timely in terms of simulation quality controls, especially during this new era of machine learning and artificial intelligence-based models that started being applied to urban aerodynamics and microclimate predictions.
A technical review of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications on wind design of tall buildings and structures: Past, present and future
2023, Journal of Building Engineering
Over the past two decades, an upsurge in using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for wind design on tall buildings has been observed. An extensive amount of work has been performed, where validation has been at the forefront of most of these studies. Challenges associated with CFD and different methodologies used in the analysis haven't been well articulated within the scope of tall building design. Also, there is a lack of critical best practice guidelines in using CFD for wind analysis of structures which can be readily adopted by practitioners and researchers alike. To this end, this paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on tall buildings and structures. A thorough discussion of CFD and its concerning design challenges specific to tall building design, such as turbulence modelling, inflow turbulence and domain & mesh configurations, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, a comprehensive literature of CFD studies on tall buildings is presented, covering all important topics from basic bluff body aerodynamics to complex Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) studies. Where applicable, the literature is critically evaluated (impartially) in this paper and compared with supportive arguments from the author's extensive experience. Finally, the manuscript concludes with potential upcoming numerical methods such as the Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to design tall buildings.
Numerical simulation of wind-structure-soil interaction effects on the CAARC tall building model using hybrid CUDA-OpenMP parallelization
2023, Journal of Building Engineering
In the present work, the dynamic effects of the wind action over the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Council (CAARC) tall building model are numerically evaluated considering the influence of soil-foundation interaction. A numerical model is developed considering a partitioned coupling scheme for fluid-structure-soil interaction, in which the fluid, structure and soil subsystems are solved sequentially using independent algorithms. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is adopted for spatial discretization, where linear hexahedral elements with underintegration techniques are used. The fundamental flow equations are kinematically described using an arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian (ALE) formulation and numerically solved using the explicit two-step Taylor-Galerkin scheme, while Large Scale Simulation (LES) is employed for the treatment of turbulent flows. Structure and soil are considered as deformable elastoplastic media, using a corotational approach to deal with physical and geometric nonlinearities. Dynamic equilibrium equation is solved using the generalized-α method and infinite elements are utilized in the soil domain to avoid elastic wave reflections. Load transfer between soil and structure is performed using a three-dimensional contact algorithm based on the penalty method that allows separation and sliding along soil-structure interfaces. A hybrid parallelization strategy based on CUDA-OpenMP techniques is proposed to accelerate the processing time associated with the present simulations. Numerical results obtained here are compared with numerical and experimental results reported by other authors, where one can observe that soil-structure interaction may significantly influence the building response due to wind loading and effects of aeroelastic instability may be considerably reduced in the presence of soil support.
Comparative study between field measurements of wind pressures on a 600-m-high skyscraper during Super Typhoon Mangkhut and wind tunnel test
2022, Engineering Structures
Citation Excerpt :
Wardlaw and Moss [5] presented a report entitled “A standard tall building model for the comparison of simulated natural winds in wind tunnels” after a meeting on aerodynamics held by Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) in 1969. The model is known as the CAARC standard tall building model which has been extensively studied to investigate the wind effects on tall buildings [5–10]. Miyoshi et al. [11] studied the wind pressure distributions on a 1:300 scale model of a 47-story tall building in a boundary layer turbulent wind flow and compared the results with those in a constant uniform velocity field.
Wind pressures on cladding of a 600-m-high skyscraper during Super Typhoon Mangkhut were monitored by a synchronous monitoring system including 48 pressure transducers. Then, simultaneous wind pressure measurements on a 1:500 scale model of the skyscraper were conducted in wind tunnel test. The field measurements of wind pressures are further analyzed to investigate the wind pressure characteristics on the skyscraper under extreme windstorm condition and utilized to validate the wind tunnel test results. The full-scale and model-scale wind pressure coefficients (mean, root mean square, maximum and minimum) are compared with each other and analyzed in detail. Moreover, to explore the deviations between the full-scale and model-scale results, the Reynolds number effect (5.5 × 10⁴ to 1.8 × 10⁸) on the wind pressure coefficients, probability distributions, power spectral densities, spatial correlations and coherences of wind pressures are investigated. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel test can reproduce the wind pressures on the windward face. While for the other faces, the results from the wind tunnel test generally deviate from those from the field measurements. The reasons that caused the discrepancies, especially the Reynolds number effect, are discussed. The objectives of this paper are to examine the accuracy of wind tunnel testing for predicting wind pressures on high-rise buildings under severe wind condition and enhance the understanding of wind pressures on high-rise buildings during strong windstorms, and therefore provide useful information for the wind-resistant design of skyscrapers.
On the use of ensemble averaging techniques to accelerate the Uncertainty Quantification of CFD predictions in wind engineering
2022, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
In this work we focus on reducing the wall clock time required to compute statistical estimators of highly chaotic incompressible flows on high performance computing systems. Our approach consists of replacing a single long-term simulation by an ensemble of multiple independent realizations, which are run in parallel. A failure probability convergence criteria must be satisfied by the statistical estimator of interest to assess convergence. The error analysis leads to the identification of two error contributions: the initialization bias and the statistical error. We propose an approach to systematically detect the burn-in time needed in order to minimize the initialization bias, as well as techniques to choose the effective time needed to keep the statistical error under control. This is accompanied by strategies to reduce simulation cost. The proposed method is assessed in application to the prediction of the drag force over high rise buildings and specifically in application to the CAARC building, a relevant benchmark for the wind engineering community.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Measurement of forces and base overturning moments on the CAARC tall building model in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer

Abstract

J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

J. Ind. Aerodyn.

J. Fluids Struct.

A standard tall building model for the comparison of simulated winds in wind tunnels

Comparison of measurements of the CAARC standard tall building model in simulated model wind flows

J. Wing. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

The Measurement of Non-Steady Wind Forces on Small-Scale Building Models

A sensitive 6-component high frequency-range balance for building aerodynamics

J. Phys. E

Flow-induced streamwise vibration of structures

J. Fluids Struct.

Vortex-induced streamwise oscillations of a square-section cylinder in a uniform stream

J. Fluid Mech.