Elsevier

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

Volume 61, Issues 1–2, September–October 1995, Pages 191-196
Journal of Neuroscience Methods

Research paper
A telemetry study on the chronic effects of microdialysis probe implantation on the activity pattern and temperature rhythm of the rat

https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(94)00041-EGet rights and content

Abstract

The present study describes the effects of implantation of microdialysis probes on temperature and activity rhythms of the rat, measured with a telemetry system. For comparison two widely used types of microdialysis probes were investigated, a transcerebral probe, inserted into the pineal gland and a set of two I-shaped concentric probes, implanted bilateral into the striatum. Starting from 5 days before the operation until 8 days after surgery, activity and temperature recordings were carried out continuously with the help of previously implanted transmitters. In separate experiments the effects of two different types of anaesthesia (chloralhydrate and Hypnorm®) were determined. The results show that there is a pronounced effect of surgery on amplitude and rhythmicity of the temperature and activity patterns which is still detectable 6–7 days after operation. Few differences were noticed between the transverse probe and the I-shaped probes. Anaesthesia alone induced much smaller changes, most of which had disappeared within 2 or 3 days after the treatment. The duration of action of chloralhydrate is somewhat longer compared to Hypnorm®. The conclusion is that when microdialysis is used in behavioural experiments, the effects of the surgical procedure should be taken into account. If these effects are serious, the use of previously implanted guide cannulae might be necessary.

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    Guide cannulae are also advantageous when the experiment is strongly dependent on low stress level in the animal. Drijfhout et al. (1995) monitored body temperature, locomotor activity and diurnal rhythm and found that the effect of surgery was detectable up to seven days after the implantation. Some groups suggest the use of a guide cannula for behavioural experiments since these cannulae allow multiple insertions of the probe (Hernandez et al., 1986; Mas et al., 1995).

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    Two types of experiments were performed: “Experiment 1” in which rats underwent surgery with following EEG/EMG-controlled SD and microdialysis sampling, and “Experiment 2” in which intact rats were subjected to SD without EEG/EMG control and following brain tissue collection (Fig. 1). Before starting each of the experiments, the rats were acclimatized for 5–7 days, i.e. the time shown to be enough for post-surgical recuperation (Drijfhout et al., 1995) and post-behavioral testing recovery (Avgustinovich et al., 2007). The forced swim test is a test for the assessment of behavioral despair of animals when they are exposed to inescapable stress (Porsolt et al., 1978).

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    Fifth, the recovery time between surgical implantation of microdialysis probes or guide cannulae and the behavioural test should be long enough for the animal to behave normally again. Normal circadian rhythms will reappear only after 1 week or more (Drijfhout et al., 1995; Westerink, 1995). Operant behaviour will need a longer recovery time than the less demanding Pavlovian conditioning (van der Stelt, de Bruin and Feenstra, unpublished observations).

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    The microPET data did not confirm the original findings of Benveniste et al. (1987), who have reported the full recovery of energy metabolism 24–48 h after probe insertion. Rather, these finding support an earlier study using telemetry, demonstrating that a complete recovery of physiological functions such as periodicity of circadian changes in temperature and motor activity occurred at the earliest at 5–7 days after the microdialysis surgery (Drijfhout et al., 1995). An interesting possibility is to use repeated insertions of the microdialysis probes into the same animal via the fixed guide cannula.

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    An important factor to consider in these experiments is that implantation of a microdialysis probe might itself modify animals’ behaviour. Changes in the rhythm of body temperature and locomotor activity following implantation of a microdialysis probe are thought to last for at least 7 days (Drijfhout et al., 1995). To see whether animals’ response to novel stimuli is similarly affected, we investigated whether implantation of microdialysis probes in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus alters rats’ behaviour in the light/dark exploration box.

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