Low-frictional catheter materials by photo-induced graft polymerization

doi:10.1016/0142-9612(91)90135-W

Biomaterials

Volume 12, Issue 1, January 1991, Pages 71-75

https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(91)90135-W Get rights and content

Abstract

To develop low-frictional catheters, photo-induced graft polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) was performed on to films and tubes of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Their surfaces became very slippery, when the materials were preirradiated with UV from a low-pressure mercury lamp, followed by graft polymerization with DMAA in the presence of small amount of riboflavin without degassing. Although no significant difference was observed in surface lubrication between the EVA film and the tube, the latter required an additional procedure for the graft polymerization, that is, removal of air trapped inside the tube. The surfaces of EVA and PVC tubes grafted with DMAA were found to exhibit frictional forces around 0.5 N against a PVC and a silicone surface under wet conditions, whereas the frictional force of the ungrafted tubes against the same substrates was 10 and 20 N for PVC and EVA, respectively.

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A low-frictional surface could enable the insertion and removal of the catheters smoother, which not only protected the mucous membranes of the organs from damage but also prevented patients from suffering intolerable pain during the catheter insertion and removal [23]. Several strategies have been implemented to improve the surface lubricating performance of catheters for realizing a smooth and comfortable catheterization [24–25]. In human’s body, most friction between tissues and organs occurs in water-based medium [26], so the clinical catheters need to be endowed with a water-based lubricity [27].
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An enhanced catheter surface could reduce the risk of injury during insertion. Furthermore, a low-friction catheter might make the procedure simpler and therefore safer overall [49,50]. Some catheters, such as intravenous catheters, can stay at the same location after insertion.
Vascular medical devices, such as stents, catheters and more advanced devices inevitably interact with surfaces within the human body. These interactions and the underlying biological and tribological (friction) mechanisms and resulting implications are not well understood, currently. For the further optimisation of these devices and the development of new and safer devices, a deeper understanding of vascular biotribology is required. Studies about this topic are scarce and no review is available. This review paper introduces vascular physiology relevant to interaction with medical devices and highlights where tribological effects may come into play. Furthermore, implications with existing medical devices are investigated in the context of biotribology and relevant studies are discussed. The different approaches to study the interactions are compared, and the current state of the field is reviewed. The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to this interdisciplinary field, for both researchers with an engineering background and those with a biological background, and to present the current state of the field of research.
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Thus, it is most reasonable to provide soft and compliant contacts against catheters, in order to emulate the tribological contacts in clinical applications. A majority of previous studies, however, employed hard materials, such as thermoplastics (Kazmierska et al., 2008) or ceramics (Graivier et al., 1993; Uyama et al., 1990; Uyama et al., 1991), presumably because of convenience and/or availability problem. In this context, we proposed an elastomer-based urethra model with a duct can be a viable approach in a recent study (Røn and Lee, 2016), although further improvement is needed.
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End-grafting of hydrophilic polymer chains through surface-initiated polymerization of monomers, known as the “grafting from” approach [126] has been extensively investigated as an effective means to impart surface hydrophilicity and lubricity to various polymeric materials that are used for tissue-contacting devices [119,120,127,128]. While remarkable lubricating properties have been achieved, these methods typically require surface activation by means of chemical or physical (high energy) methods, such as UV irradiation, plasma, or corona discharge, because of the initially non-reactive, i.e., hydrophobic and/or non-polar, surface properties of polymeric materials [127,129–131]. The presence of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in mussel adhesive proteins is believed to be critical for their impressive bonding characteristics.
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Low-frictional catheter materials by photo-induced graft polymerization

Abstract

Biomaterials

Surface modification and character-ization of some commonly used catheter materials. II. Friction characterization

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto a polyethylene surface pretreated with a glow-discharge

Macromolecules

Oxidation of polyethylene surface by corona discharge and the subsequent graft polymerization

J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed.