Elsevier

Vision Research

Volume 12, Issue 5, May 1972, Pages 1059-1064
Vision Research

The oculomotor error signal in the fovea

https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(72)90027-2Get rights and content

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    Furthermore, microsaccades show clear signs of voluntary control. For example, they can be made in response to small displacements of the fixated target (Havermann et al., 2014; Timberlake et al., 1972; Wyman & Steinman, 1973) and to look in specified directions (Haddad & Steinman, 1973; Ko, Poletti, & Rucci, 2010). As we will discuss later in this article, microsaccades precisely relocate gaze toward nearby regions of interest in high acuity tasks (Section 3.3) and may be voluntarily executed also during sustained fixation, perhaps to compensate for fixation errors (Cornsweet, 1956).

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    The first evidence connecting microsaccades and large-scale saccades emerged as Zuber, Stark, and Cook (1965) showed that microsaccades and saccades have similar kinematic profiles, suggesting a common origin within the oculomotor system. Moreover, Timberlake et al. (1972) showed that small saccades can occur in response to displacements of the fixation point as small as 10 min of arc, and Haddad and Steinman (1973) found that observers were able to voluntarily produce saccades as small as the microsaccades they observed during fixation. More recently, neurophysiological studies connected the execution of microsaccades to the activity of cells in the rostral pole of the superior colliculus (e.g. Hafed, Goffart, & Krauzlis, 2009; Munoz & Wurtz, 1993).

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    Fixation stability is modulated via oculomotor control. The correlation between fixation stability and oculomotor input is strong and is more interdependent in cases in which fixation is attempted in more peripheral retinal areas.16 New oculomotor functions that develop after loss of macular vision are used for maintaining fixation stability to match points of references located within the new PRL.11,17

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3

Now at the Department of Psychology, Northeastern University.

4

Now at the Division of Biomédical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical School.

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