The measurement and analysis of surfaces

doi:10.1016/0041-2678(74)90105-5

Tribology

Volume 7, Issue 6, December 1974, Pages 249-259

https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-2678(74)90105-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the importance of surface metrology. Two pressures have been dominant. First there is the need to better control the manufacturing process and second there has been the need to better understand the role which the geometry of a part plays during its working life. These pressures have lead to a minor revolution in the way in which surfaces are measured and assessed. In common with the article by Archard this paper will be restricted to aspects of the development of the most used technique, namely the stylus method. It will concentrate on modern developments.

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There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

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Calibration for the sensitivity of multi-beam angle sensor using cylindrical plano-convex lens
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Precision autocollimators are the most accurate, widely available means of measuring the tilt angle of a reflecting plane mirror. They have a wide range of applications such as optical metrology instruments, the semiconductor industry, and inspection equipment (Whitehouse, 1976; Chetwynd and Siddall, 1976; Vissiere et al., 2012; Whitehouse, 1974). The autocollimator method is generally used to measure flatness due to its simple optical-path design (Ennos and Virdee, 1982; Xiao et al., 2012; Ennos and Virdee, 1983).
A highly sensitive and compact multi-beam angle sensor (MBAS), which utilizes the principle of operation of an autocollimator, was developed to detect the differential of the local slope components (angle difference) of a point on the mirror surface and using Fourier series, we can obtain the profile data from the angle difference. In order to investigate the application of the MBAS for high precision aspheric surface measurements, two types of calibration methods using plane mirror and cylindrical plano-convex lens has been proposed to measure the sensitivity of the MBAS. The calibration data analysis results using plane mirror agree well with the measurement results of the cylindrical plano-convex lens data. Comparison of the two methods confirms that the second method (using cylindrical plano-convex lens) is more adapted for measurement with ultra high level of uncertainty. Further, the second method is simple, corresponding to a direct calculate in the sensitive parameters aiming to minimize the cost.
Computer vision for textured yarn interlace (nip) measurements at high speeds
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This paper deals specifically with interlace measurements of intermingled, false-twist textured yarns. A system has been built which is capable of analysing yarns at slow-speed/high-resolution, and also at high-speed/low-resolution. An outline description of the system is given here, along with descriptions of techniques used in the hardware and software which improve the system performance. To monitor interlace, a signal processing algorithm is developed and explained which enables reliable interlace detection, and is effective against diametric noise. Several tests are carried out, which prove the ability of the system to match the results from careful manual inspection of the yarn. The final test is to run the yarn at a high speed, and to compare the results with the slow-speed analysis. The results show that at high speeds, the system is reliable.
Characterization of the topography of turned surfaces and its influence on the fatigue life of Al-7075
1991, Materials Science and Engineering A
The surface topography of conventionally turned specimens has been measured using optical profilometry and characterized by (i) a combination of the height distribution parameter R_q and the wavelength-sensitive parameter 〈l〉 and (ii) the profile length ratio, i.e. the ratio of real rofile length to measuring length. Fatigue experiments have been conducted on specimens with different surface topographies and the numbers of cycles to rupture can be related to these surface topography parameters.
Characterization of the topography of turned surfaces and its influence on the fatigue life of Al-7075
1991, undefined
The surface topography of conventionally turned specimens has been measured using optical profilometry and characterized by (i) a combination of the height distribution parameter R_q and the wavelength-sensitive parameter 〈l〉 and (ii) the profile length ratio, i.e. the ratio of real rofile length to measuring length. Fatigue experiments have been conducted on specimens with different surface topographies and the numbers of cycles to rupture can be related to these surface topography parameters.
Applications for a wide range stylus instrument in surface metrology
1982, Wear
Some applications in the field of surface metrology are described for a new stylus instrument incorporating a transducer with a wide dynamic range. The transducer has a range of 2.0 mm and a resolution of 5 nm enabling the measurement of both the fine surface texture and the surface form of a highly formed component to be made in a single traverse. The form is separated from the texture mathematically by the calculation of certain dimensional parameters relating to that form. The examples outlined in this paper specifically refer to the form being either a circular arc, giving the radius, or a straight line, giving the angle of tilt.
Applications include the measurement of form errors, surface finish and radius of circular formed components such as ball bearing raceways, diamond turned mirrors, a diamond turning tool and the surface geometry of a Rockwell C hardness indenter.
Some of the implications of this technique are described especially in relation to its measurement of surface finish.

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View full text

The measurement and analysis of surfaces

Abstract

Some applications of a small computer to the on-line measurement of surface

Imeko

Standards calibration goes on-line

Metrology and Inspection

Technical Report T37

Rank Precision Industries

Modern trends in surface measurement

Surface integrity after severe wear or grinding

Annale CIRP

Rank Organisation