Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T22:15:36.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Atmospheric Circulation during the Last Ice Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

H. H. Lamb  and
A. Woodroffe
H. H. Lamb
Affiliation:
Meteorological Office, Bracknell, England
A. Woodroffe
Affiliation:
Meteorological Office, Bracknell, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The prevailing surface temperatures in summer and winter at several different stages of the last ice age, indicated at various points scattered over the Northern Hemisphere, by botanical, glaciological, marine biological, oceanographic, etc. evidence, are used to derive probable distributions of 1000−500 mbar thickness, roughly equivalent to mean temperature of the lowest 5 km of the atmosphere and indicating the general flow pattern of the atmosphere in depth. From these thermal wind patterns computation of the tendency to cyclonic and anticyclonic development is possible. Maps of this development field, taken together with the indicated steering of surface cyclones and anticyclones by the thermal winds, make it possible to sketch probable distributions of surface pressure (and, by implication, surface winds) prevailing during each of the glacial stages studied. New light is thrown on the onset of glaciation and on the regimes associated with the maximum extent of glaciation, with the Alleröd warm epoch and the Post-Alleröd cold stage when there was some readvance of the ice.

Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , September 1970 , pp. 29 - 58
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, Sv. Th. (1961). Vegetation and its environment in Denmark in the Weichselian glacial. Danmarks geologiske Undersögelse, II Raekke, No. 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blüthgen, J. (1966). Allgemeine Klimageographie. In “Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Geographie,” Band II. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.Google Scholar
Broecker, W. A., Ewing, M., and Heezen, B. C. (1960). Evidence for an abrupt change in climate close to 11,000 years ago. American Journal of Science, 258, 429–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. R. (1963). Climatic fluctuation over the oceans and in the tropical Atlantic. In “Changes of Climate” pp. 109–123 (Proceedings of the UNESCO/WMO Symposium, Paris).UNESCO, Arid Zone Research Ser. 20.Google Scholar
Bryson, R. A., and Wendland, W. M. (1967). Radiocarbon isochrones of the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. University of Wisconsin Department of Meteorology, Technical Report 35.Google Scholar
Coope, G. R., Shotton, F. W., and Strachan, I. (1962). A late Pleistocene fauna and flora from Upton Warren, Worchestershire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B. 244, 379–418.Google Scholar
Dansgaard, W., and Johnsen, S. J. (1969). A flow model and a time scale for the ice core from Camp Century Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 8, 215–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Møller, J., and Langway, C. C. (1969). One thousand centuries of climatic record from Camp Century on the Greenland ice sheet. Science, 166, 377–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, J. (1967). The British moss flora of the Weichselian glacial. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2, 245–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dylik, J., and Maarleveld, G. C. (1967). Frost cracks, frost fissures and related polygons. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting 18, 7–21.Google Scholar
Emiliani, C. (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology 63, 538–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emiliani, C. (1961). Cenozoic climatic changes as indicated by the stratigraphy and chronology of deep-sea cores of Globerigina-ooze facies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 95, 521–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewing, M., and Donn, W. L. (1956). A theory of ice ages. Science 123, 1061; 127, 1159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faegri, K., and Iversen, J. (1964). “Textbook of Pollen Analysis.”. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Fairbridge, R. W. (1961). Eustatic changes in sea level. In “Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,” Vol. 4, pp. 99–185. Pergamon Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falconer, G., Ives, J. D., Løken, O. H., and Andrews, J. T. (1965). Major end-moraines in eastern and central Arctic Canada. Geographical Bull. 7, 137–153.Google Scholar
Firbas, F. (1949). “Spät-und nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas Nördlich der Alpen.”. Fischer, Jena.Google Scholar
Flint, R. F. (1957). “Glacial and Pleistocene Geology.”. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Frenzel, B. (1960). Die Vegations- und Landschaftszonen Nord-Eurasiens während der postglazialen Wärmezeit, II Teil. Rekonstruktionsversuch der letzteiszeitlichen und wärmezeilichen Vegetation. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Mainz); Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 1960, 6.Google Scholar
Frenzel, B. (1967). “Die Klimaschwankungen des Eiszeitalters.”. Vieweg, Braunschweig.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerasimov, I. P. (1965). The last European glaciations. International Association for Quaternary Research (INQUA) VIIth Congress, Academy of Science of the USSR, Polish Academy of Science and German Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Godwin, H. (1956). “The History of the British Flora.”. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gross, H. (1958). Die bisherigen Ergebnisse von C-14 Messungen. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 9, 155–187.Google Scholar
van der Hammen, T., Maarleveld, G. C., Vogel, J. C. and Zagwijn, W. H. (1967). Stratigraphy, climatic succession and radiocarbon dating of the last glacial in the Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw 46, 79–95.Google Scholar
Heusser, C. J. (1961). Some comparisons between climatic changes in northwestern North America and Patagonia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 95, 642–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunkins, K., and Kutschale, H. (1965). Quaternary sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 4, 89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ives, J. D., and Andrews, J. T. (1963). Studies in the physical geography of north-central Baffin Island, N.W.T. Geographical Bulletin 19, 5–48.Google Scholar
Jelgersma, S. (1966). Sea-level changes during the last 10,000 years. In “International Symposium on World Climate 8000 to O.B.C.,” pp. 54–71. Meteorological Society, London.Google Scholar
Kerney, M. P., Brown, E. H., and Chandler, T. J. (1964). The Late-glacial and Post-glacial history of the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 24, 135–204.Google Scholar
Ku, T. L., and Broecker, W. S. (1965). Rates of sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 4, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutzbach, G., and Schwerdtfeger, W. (1967). Temperature variations and vertical motion in the free atmosphere over Antarctica in the winter. In “Polar Meteorology,” Technical note 87, pp. 225–248. Geneva, W.M.O.-No. 211, T.P. 111.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1957), On the frequency of gales in the Arctic and Antarctic. Geographical Journal 123, 287–297.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1959). The southern westerlies. Quaterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 123, 287–297.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1963). On the nature of certain climatic epochs which differed from the modern (1900–1939) normal. In “Changes of Climate” Proc. UNESCO/W.M.O. Symposium, Rome 1961) (UNESCO Arid Zone Research Ser. 20). pp. 125–150.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1964a). The role of atmosphere and oceans in relation to climatic changes and the growth of ice sheets on land. In “Problems in Palaeoclimatology” (Nairn, A.E.M. ed.). pp. 332–348, 361–362. Wiley New York.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1964b). Climatic changes and variations in the atmospheric and ocean circulations. Geologische Rundschau 54, 486–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1964c). Neue Forschungen über die Entwicklung der Klimaänderungen. Meteorologische Rundschau 17, 65–74.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1965). The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1, 13–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1966a). Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung ermittelt Klimaänderungen. Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik. 14, 476.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. (1966b). “The Changing Climate.”. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H., Lewis, R. P. W., and Woodroffe, A. (1966). Atmospheric circulation and the main climatic variables. In “Proceedings of the International Symposium on World Climate 8000-0 B.C.” pp. 174–217 Royal Meteorological Society London.Google Scholar
Leontev, O. K., and Federov, P. V. (1953). History of the Caspian Sea in late- and post-Hvalynsk time. Akad. Nauk., Izvestia, Ser. geograf. 4, 64–74.Google Scholar
van Loon, H., and Taljaard, J. J. (1958). A study of 1000−500 mb thickness distribution in the southern hemisphere. NOTOS 7, 123–158.Google Scholar
Manley, G. (1951). The range of variation of the British climate. Geographical Journal 117, 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manley, G. (1959). The late glacial climate of NW England. Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal 2, 188–215 also Weather 17, (1962). 303–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntyre, A. (1967). Coccoliths as paleoclimatic indicators of Pleistocene glaciations. Science 158, 1314–1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, E. H. (1964). Quaternary sections at Otto, New York. American Journal of Science 262, 461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nejstadt, M. I. (1965). Upper Pleistocene and Holocene palaeogeography and chronology in the light of radiocarbon dating. Moscow, Akademiya Nauk. for INQUA VII. Google Scholar
Penny, L. F., Coope, G. R., and Catt, J. A. (1969). Age and insect fauna of the Dimlington silts, E. Yorkshire. Nature 224, 65–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Péwé, T. L. (1966). Palaeoclimatic significance of fossil ice wedges. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 15, 65–73.Google Scholar
Poser, H. (1948). Boden- und Klima-Verhältnisse in Mittel- und West-Europa während der Würmeiszeit. Erdkunde 2, 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, J. L. (1967). Évolution du dernier lacustre et peuplements préhistoriques aux pays bas du Tchad. Dakar, Assoc. Sénégalaise pour l’étude du Quaternaire de l’Ouest Africain, Bull. de Liaison 14–15. (Juin).Google Scholar
Schofield, J. C. (1964). Postglacial sea levels and isostatic uplift. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 7, 359–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, N. J. (1969). The last interglacial in the marine and terrestrial records. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Series B 174, 135–154.Google Scholar
Shepard, F. P. (1963). Thirty-five thousand years of sea-level. In “Essays in marine geology.” Univ. California Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Shotton, F. W. (1962). The physical background of Britain in the Pleistocene. Advances in Science 19, 193–206.Google Scholar
Simpson, I. M., and West, R. G. (1958). On the stratigraphy and palaeobotany of a late Pleistocene deposit at Chelford, Cheshire. New Phytologist 57, 239–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutcliffe, R. C. (1939). Cyclonic and anticyclonic development. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 65, 519–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutcliffe, R. C. (1947). A contribution to the problem of development. Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society, 73, 379–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terasmae, J. (1961). Notes on late-Quaternary climatic changes in Canada. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 95, 658–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weertman, J. (1964). Rate of growth or shrinkage of nonequilibrium ice sheets. U.S. Army C.R.R.E.L. Research Report. 145.Google Scholar
West, R. G. (1960). Quaternary discussion on the botanical history of North America. Cambridge Univ. Dept. Botany, Sub-Dept. of Quaternary Research (Unpublished).Google Scholar
West, R. G. (1968). “Pleistocene Geology and Biology.”. Longsmans, London.Google Scholar
Wexler, H. (1956). Variations in insolation, atmospheric circulation and climate. Tellus 8, 480–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, E. H., Tauber, H., and Münnich, K. O. (1960). Variations in the radiocarbon concentration over the past 1300 years. American Journal of Science, Radiocarbon Supplement 2, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woldstedt, P. (1965). Das Eizeitalter. In Grundlinien einer Geologie des Quartärs, Bd. III. Enke, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Wright, H. E. (1961). Late Pleistocene climate of Europe: A review. Geological Society America Bulletin 72, 933–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, H. E., Winter, T. C., and Patten, H. L. (1963). Two pollen diagrams from southern Minnesota: Problems in the regional Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial vegetational history. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74, 1371–1396.Google Scholar
Zagwijn, W. H. (1961). Vegetation, climate and radiocarbon datings in the Late Pleistocene of the Netherlands. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting 14, 15–45.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F. E. (1958). “Dating the past.”. Methuen, London.Google Scholar