Motivated behaviors produced by increased arousal in the presence of goal objects☆
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2021, Current BiologyCitation Excerpt :While humans can easily answer whether they are “hungry” or “sated,” the same does not apply to rodents. Mice and rats eat for reasons other than food deprivation28–30 and feeding does not always follow food deprivation.31–35 Therefore, measures of food intake do not distinguish hunger from the multiple factors that affect feeding, and by extension, ARCAGRP neuronal activity may not truly encode for hunger.
Stimulant and motivational effects of alcohol: Lessons from rodent and primate models
2014, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :This is particularly obvious for psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or methylphenidate (Fletcher et al., 2006). In addition to alcohol, other drugs typically considered as sedative-hypnotics can increase psychomotor activity like benzodiazepines (Christmas and Maxwell, 1970; Zhang et al., 2011) and barbiturates (Jacobs and Farel, 1971; Zhang et al., 2011). Increases in motor activity can also be induced by opiates (Iwamoto, 1984; Mori et al., 2000; Murphy et al., 2002), phencyclidine (Iwamoto, 1984; Mori et al., 2000; Simmons et al., 2010), THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) (Sañudo-Peña et al., 2000), nicotine (Benwell and Balfour, 1992; Simmons et al., 2010) and caffeine (El Yacoubi et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2011).
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The authors wish to thank Eric Holman, John Liebeskind and Dennis McGinty for their assistance in various phases of this study.
- 2
National Science Foundation graduate trainee.
- 3
United States Public Health Service graduate trainee. Present address: Department of Psychobiology, University of California at Irvine.