Secondary immune response to tetanus toxoid in psychiatric patients

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      The publication years for included studies is also a potential cause for concern, as only one (Wang et al., 2016) of the five studies on schizophrenia in this review was conducted after 1972. The remaining four studies (Hussar et al., 1971; Solomon et al., 1968; Friedman et al., 1967; Vaughan et al., 1949) were thus written prior to the development of increasingly rigorous diagnostic criteria through the DSM-III, which was published in 1980 (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) and was considered a turning point in the conceptualization of psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia (Jablensky, 2010). Following the introduction of the DSM-IV in 1994 (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) and the ICD-10 in 1990 (World Health Organization), the reliability of psychiatrists' schizophrenia diagnoses is also considered to have improved (Jablensky. 2010).

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      1973, Archives of General Psychiatry
    §

    For clinical portions of this work.

    ⌈

    For laboratory portions of this work.

    ∗

    Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.

    †

    Deceased.

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