A graphical estimation of the normal lead content of some British soils
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Cited by (61)
Soil contamination in China: Current priorities, defining background levels and standards for heavy metals
2019, Journal of Environmental ManagementCitation Excerpt :UK Pb median values were ~40 mg/kg, against a Chinese median of 24 mg/kg. This might be explained by the UK's long history and density of Pb mining and inefficient smelting operations (Davies, 1983). All elements were analyzed in different environments, classified according to Land Class and eighteen broad habitats and major soil groups and Countryside Vegetation System Aggregate Vegetation Class.
Physicochemical properties of an acid ultisol subjected to different tillage practices and wood-ash amendment: Impact on heavy metal concentrations in soil and Castor plant
2019, Soil and Tillage ResearchCitation Excerpt :This is in tandem with the earlier report by Ezeaku (2012). Davies (1983) observed that cultivated crops take up heavy metals as mobile ions present in the soil solution. Heavy metal concentration excess of critical limits could have agronomic and environmental implications and this could be a major source of concern to environmentalists and particularly farmers, who put the land into intensive crop cultivation as is the case in the study area.
Effect of soil properties on the toxicity of Pb: Assessment of the appropriateness of guideline values
2015, Journal of Hazardous MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Although it is one of the less mobile heavy metals, lead is easily accumulated in plants when bioavailable [1]. Its average concentration in the Earth’s crust is 16 mg kg−1 [2], whereas natural uncontaminated soils have a mean value of 40 mg kg−1 [3]. Due to its low mobility, Pb tends to accumulate mainly in the top soil layers [4].
Critical evaluation of soil contamination assessment methods for trace metals
2012, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :In consideration of the positively skewed data distribution, robust estimators such as the “median + 2 median absolute deviation”, the “upper inner fence” of whisker-and-boxplots or other graphical methods have been found to be more appropriate. A simple graphical method is loglog probability plots to determine the upper break of frequency distributions as a limit between natural and contaminated data populations (Davies, 1983; Fleischhauer and Korte, 1990; Tobias et al., 1997). The major problem is the visual determination of the upper break on a loglog graph, which is strongly subjective and not objectively traceable (Keller and Desaules, 2001).
Lead concentrations in environmental media relevant to human lead exposures
2011, Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :These means were quite close to the arithmetic mean of 20 ppm reported for Canadian nonagricultural soils by McKeague and Wolynetz (1980). Rural soils in the United Kingdom were reported to have geometric means of 42 ppm (Davies, 1983) and 48 ppm (McGrath, 1986). There is a global literature on the topic of lead contamination of soils, particularly for industrialized countries.