The urinary excretion of enzymes following repeated parenteral administration of cadmium to rats

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(80)90135-8

Environmental Research

Volume 22, Issue 1, June 1980, Pages 237-244

https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(80)90135-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

The effect of daily parenteral administration of cadmium (0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg) on the urinary excretion of enzymes has been studied in the young male rat. Aspartate amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and leucine aminopeptidase all showed an initial significant increase around the second day of dosage, the intensity of which was dose related. A second phase of enzymuria occurred later, the onset of which was dose related. High-dose-group animals (3.0 mg/kg) exhibited this increase around Day 15, while the median (1.5 mg/kg) and low- (0.75 mg/kg) dose-group animals developed enzymuria around Days 21 and 38, respectively. This second phase of elevated enzyme levels in the urine was persistent, and is believed to represent the development of renal damage.

References (20)

S.L. Ashby et al.
Effect of acute administration of cadmium on the disposition of copper, zinc and iron in the rat
Environ. Res.
(1980)
M. Cempel et al.
The time-course of cadmium-thionein synthesis in the rat
Biochem. Pharmacol.
(1976)
D.F. Flick et al.
Toxic effects of cadmium: A review
Environ. Res.
(1971)
T. Kjellstrom et al.
Dose-response analysis of cadmium-induced tubular proteinuria
Environ. Res.
(1977)
T. Kjellstrom et al.
Urinary β₂-microglobulin excretion among people exposed to cadmium in the general environment
Environ. Res.
(1977)
S. Kojima et al.
A comparison between faecal cadmium and urinary β₂-microglobulin, total protein, and cadmium among Japanese farmers
Environ. Res.
(1977)
K. Nomiyama et al.
Urinary low-molecular weight proteins in itai-itai disease
Environ. Res.
(1973)
K. Nomiyama et al.
Early signs of cadmium intoxication in rabbits
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
(1973)
K. Nomiyama et al.
Effects of dietary cadmium on rabbits: Early signs of cadmium intoxication
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
(1975)
K. Shiroishi et al.
Urine analysis for detection of cadmium-induced renal changes with special reference to β₂-microglobulin
Environ. Res.
(1977)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (14)

The effect of chronic parenteral administration of cadmium on isoenzyme levels of alkaline phosphatase in intestinal mucosa
1989, Toxicology
Chronic administration of cadmium chloride to rats (13.3 μmol/kg body wt per dose subcutaneously) produced a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal mucosa to less than half that in control rats by the time cumulative doses of between 30 and 48 μmol had been administered. The reduced level of activity remained approximately steayy following further dosing. Three isoenzymes of intestinal alkaline phosphatase were separated electrophoretically. Chronic cadmium treatment markedly decreased the proportion of the 2 isoenzymes with lower electrophoretic mobility. Some analogies are drawn between the effect of cadmium administration, and magnesium deficiency on changes in intestinal alkaline phosphatase.
Uses of γ-Glutamyltransferase in Experimental Toxicology
1987, Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine
Significance of increase in urinary metallothionein of rats repeatedly exposed to cadmium
1986, Toxicology
Cadmium chloride was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into female Wistar rats at a dose of 1 mg Cd/kg body weight, 5 times a week up to 10 weeks. At specified intervals, 24-h urine was collected and the excreted amounts of metallothionein (MT), cadmium, copper, zinc and several indicators of renal damage were determined. Concentrations of cadmium and MT in the livers and kidneys of rats were also determined. Both cadmium and MT in the livers and kidneys were increased upon cadmium exposure. The urinary MT excretion started to increase within a week after the start of exposure. This increased excretion preceded those of enzymes and total protein as well as histopathological abnormalities in the proximal tubular cells. After the occurrence of tubular damage that disturbs reabsorption of MT, MT in urine was drastically increased. These results indicate that urinary MT levels may be an indicator not only of cadmium exposure but also of tubular damage.
Rat kidney brush border enzyme activity following subchronic oral lead exposure
1985, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Rats received 0.1% lead acetate in their drinking water for 3 weeks or for 6 weeks, at which time renal brush border fractions were obtained for measurement of enzyme activity. Renal brush border preparations from Pb²⁺-exposed rats exhibited statistically significant decreases in the activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase after 3 or 6 weeks of treatment. There was an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase which was statistically significant after 3 weeks of Pb²⁺ exposure. The (Na⁺,K⁺) adenosine triphosphatase activity and urokinase activity, located in the basolateral membrane fractions, were unchanged by Pb²⁺ exposure, as were the protein and phospholipid contents of the brush border fractions. The results are compared to those following acute exposure to Pb²⁺ or Cd²⁺.
The activity of membrane enzymes in homogenate fractions of rat kidney after administration of lead
1983, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Rats received one or two consecutive daily ip injections, each 0.5 mg Pb²⁺/100 g body weight, and the kidneys were studied 48 or 24 hr, respectively, after the injection. Renal brush border preparations from Pb²⁺-treated rats exhibited significant decreases in the activity of alanine aminopeptidase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, greater after two injections, yet the amount of brush border protein remained unchanged. Moreover, the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the brush border was significantly increased after Pb²⁺. No significant changes in urine volume, urinary protein, or enzymes could be detected in these experiments. The enzymatic changes observed in the brush border after acute exposure to Pb²⁺ contrasted with those after exposure to Hg²⁺ where both the structure and enzymatic functions were severely damaged and after exposure to Cd²⁺ where enzymatic alterations were not accompanied by cytological changes.
Time-dependent protective effect of selenium against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity
1982, Chemico-Biological Interactions
The role of selenium in protection against nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of cadmium in rats was investigated. The administration of Cd (3 mg/kg, s.c.) for 3 days enhanced the urinary excretion of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and total proteins, decreased the renal activity of GOT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and increased the renal level of Cd, Cu and Zn. Cadmium also increased the serum GOT and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), decreased the hepatic activity of GOT and GPT and increased the hepatic level of Cd and Zn. The concomitantly administered Se (2 mg/kg, i.p.) initially reduced most of these Cd-induced alterations. The results show protection by Se against nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of Cd on the 4th day of the commencement of Cd administration, but the signs of Cd intoxication were observed on the 8th day.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

The urinary excretion of enzymes following repeated parenteral administration of cadmium to rats

Abstract

Environ. Res.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Environ. Res.

Environ. Res.

Environ. Res.

Environ. Res.

Environ. Res.

Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.

Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.

Environ. Res.