The effect of hydrogen on the fracture of a commercial duplex stainless steel

doi:10.1016/0010-938X(91)90061-S

Corrosion Science

Volume 32, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 23-36

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(91)90061-S Get rights and content

Abstract

The effect of hydrogen on the fracture behaviour of a duplex stainless steel has been studied by slow tensile straining of specimens thermally-charged with hydrogen in air and uncharged specimens in hydrogen gas. A strain-rate-dependent loss in ductility was discovered in both types of test but significant differences were also observed. Crack initiation was associated with inclusions in the charged material but with the ferrite at the surface when strained in hydrogen. Where the hydrogen supply was limited, ε-martensite was found to play a significant role in the embrittlement. Recovery of ductility on annealing charged specimens at temperatures up to 400°C was found to be related to the release of hydrogen from inclusions and diffusion through the ferrite at lower temperatures but became dependent upon diffusion through the austenite at higher temperatures.

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This study investigates the ductility loss of a hydrogen-charged 2205 duplex stainless steel at various test temperatures. The initiation and propagation of hydrogen-induced microcracks during tensile straining are statistically characterized to get a glimpse of the interactions between hydrogen and the dual-phase microstructure. The hydrogen contents and distribution are also analyzed. Thermodynamic models are utilized to determine the stacking fault energy of the austenite phase. The results show that the steel's hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility and the thickness of the hydrogen-induced brittle layer decreased with increasing temperature. Hydrogen desorption during straining was significantly accelerated when the test temperature was 42 °C. By comparing the observed deformation microstructure with the calculated stacking fault energies, we conclude that the stacking fault energy of the austenite strongly depends on hydrogen concentration rather than environmental temperature. The high HE susceptibility of the specimens tested at 22 and 32 °C resulted from the combined effects of hydrogen-enhanced planar slip and the early formation of hydrogen-induced microcracks.
Effect of anisotropy and slip transfer on hydrogen-assisted cracking of a 2205 duplex stainless steel: A critical analysis
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Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) for engineering applications usually show dual-phase microstructure with directional phase distribution and considerable crystallographic texture. Here, we investigate the effect of anisotropy on the Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of a 2205 DSS. Moreover, slip transfer across Grain Boundary (GB) is experimentally and theoretically analyzed. The specimen sampling along 45° Rolling Direction (RD) showed remarkable HE resistance owing to the delayed initiation and slow evolution of microcracks. Hydrogen-Assisted Cracks (HACs) frequently initiated at the austenite GBs, because the synergistic interactions between hydrogen-enhanced planar slip and slip transfer across GB promote stress/hydrogen accumulation and reduce the GB cohesion.
Experimental study of the mechanical properties of a new duplex stainless steel exposed to elevated temperatures
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A new duplex stainless steel (S32001) with good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties has been introduced into building structures in recent years. It is necessary to study its mechanical properties at room temperature and high temperature to provide a reference for structural design. In the present research, a series of tensile tests were conducted in 11 groups at different temperatures, including room temperature and between 100 and 1000 °C. The steady-state tensile test method with strain rate control was adopted. The failure modes, stress-strain relationships, and the related mechanical parameters (including ultimate elongation, elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength) were investigated. The test results were compared with existing research finding related to the high-temperature mechanical properties of carbon and other stainless steels. The results indicated that: (1) the ultimate strain of S32001 is about 40% at room temperature, and the ultimate strain first decreases slowly and then increases rapidly with rising temperature. (2) When the temperature is below 500 °C, the elastic modulus of S32001 decreases slowly with the increase of temperature. When the temperature exceeds 500 °C, the elastic modulus decreases sharply with the increase of temperature. (3) The strength of S32001 decreases with increasing temperature. It decreases slowly when the temperature is lower than 500 °C and decreases faster when the temperature exceeds 500 °C. (4) Compared with the existing research results on the thermo-mechanical properties of other steel grades, significant differences between different steel grades can be found.
Identification of microstructure factors affecting hydrogen embrittlement of a 2205 duplex stainless steel
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Citation Excerpt :
H-induced degradation of DSS has attracted the attention of many researchers [2,4,5,8–11]. HE susceptibility of DSS increased with decreasing strain rate [4,12], and with increasing H fugacity/concentration [12,13]. Pre-strain or cold work leaded to the increase in the H-induced ductility loss of DSS [6,11].
Indentation of key microstructure factors affecting hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of duplex stainless steel (DSS) is fundamental for regulating the HE resistance. This study investigated H-assisted cracking of 2205 DSS with different microstructure based on the initiation and evolution of microcracks during deformation. Load and H repartitioning during straining were simulated and experimentally revealed. H-assisted microcrack initiation was frequently found at the austenite grain boundary owing to H-enhanced planar slip promoting the stress and H accumulation; whereas the ferrite phase acted as preferential crack propagation path. The narrower ferrite block and lower inter-connectivity between the ferrite blocks provided better HE resistance.
Hydrogen-associated decohesion and localized plasticity in a high-Mn and high-Al two-phase lightweight steel
2022, Acta Materialia
Advanced lightweight high-strength steels are often compositionally and microstructurally complex. While this complex feature enables the activation of multiple strengthening and strain-hardening mechanisms, it also leads to a complicated damage behavior, especially in the presence of hydrogen (H). The mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in these steels need to be properly understood for their successful application. Here we focus on a high-Mn (∼20 wt.%), high-Al (∼9 wt.%) lightweight steel with an austenite (∼74 vol.%) and ferrite (∼26 vol.%) two-phase microstructure and unravel the interplay of H-related decohesion and localized plasticity and their effects on failure. We find that HE in this alloy is driven by both, H-induced intergranular cracking along austenite-ferrite phase boundaries and H-induced transgranular cracking inside the ferrite. The former phenomenon is attributed to the mechanism of H-enhanced decohesion. For the latter damage behavior, systematic scanning electron microscopy-based characterization reveals that only parts of the transgranular cracks inside ferrite are straight (∼52% proportion) and along the cleavage plane. Other portions of these transgranular cracks show a distinct deviation from the {100} planes at certain stages of crack propagation, which is associated with a mechanism transition from the H-enhanced transgranular decohesion of the ferrite by cleavage to the H-associated localized plasticity occurring near the propagating crack tip. These mechanisms are further discussed based on a detailed comparison to the damage behavior at cryogenic temperatures and on the nanoindentation results performed with in-situ H-charging. The findings provide new insights into the understanding of the interplay between different HE mechanisms operating in high-strength alloys and their synergistic effects on damage evolution.
Slow strain rate tests coupled with hydrogen permeation: New possibilities to assess the role of hydrogen in stress corrosion cracking tests part I: Methodology and commissioning results
2019, Corrosion Science
Citation Excerpt :
The role of hydrogen involving material failures is an essential topic of the structural integrity of metals and alloys [1–24].
Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRT) is a methodology to assess the influence of hydrogen in stress corrosion cracking. However, additional information correlating SSRT and hydrogen permeation might provide a better understanding of the influence of hydrogen on susceptibility to failure of materials. This paper presents a new methodology connecting SSRT with hydrogen permeation tests in the presence of hydrogen. The internal part of an SSRT specimen was used for hydrogen generation, whereas its external surface was used to detect hydrogen permeation during SSRT. The results showed a good correlation between the hydrogen permeation with parameters of SSRT.

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^∗: This work was carried out whilst W. Zheng was attached to the University of Newcastle as a visiting scientist from the Shanghai Research Institute of Materials.

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The effect of hydrogen on the fracture of a commercial duplex stainless steel

Abstract

Corros. Sci.

Scripta Metall.

Acta Metall.

Acta Metall.

Corrosion

Corrosion

Corrosion

Trans. Am. Soc. Metals

J. Iron Steel Inst.