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The History of the Basal Ganglia: Cells and Circuits
2016, Handbook of Behavioral NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :Intracellular recordings are preferred for determining synaptic sign, because they reveal synaptic potentials, even subthreshold ones, and monosynaptic responses can be differentiated from polysynaptic ones by their constant latencies. An intracellular recording study by Hull et al. (1970) described a sequence consisting of a depolarizing synaptic potential followed by a longer lasting hyperpolarization in most neurons. In their experiments, the responses of striatal neurons to substantia nigra stimulation were comparable to those from the cortex or thalamus, and were tentatively identified as a monosynaptic excitation followed by polysynaptic inhibition, perhaps arising from intrastriatal connections.
Gating of Cortical Input Through the Striatum
2016, Handbook of Behavioral NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :In the intact brain the membrane potential of striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) spontaneously alternates between two apparently stable states, a very polarized resting potential known as “Down-state” and a close-to-threshold depolarized potential known as “Up-state” (Fig. 22.1). Reports of this alternation can be traced back to early in vivo intracellular recordings of striatal neurons performed in the 1970s and 1980s (Hull et al., 1970; Wilson and Groves, 1981; Yim and Mogenson, 1988). Subsequent studies led to the view that some processes enable MSN firing by driving the membrane potential to the Up-state, while additional processes induce firing during the Up-state (O’Donnell and Grace, 1995; Stern et al., 1998).
Glutamate in dopamine neurons: Synaptic versus diffuse transmission
2008, Brain Research ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Glutamate immunoreactivity was not sufficient evidence to prove that glutamate was being used as co-transmitter. However, electrophysiological data was then obtained demonstrating that rapid excitatory synaptic responses could be evoked in striatal neurons by extracellular stimulation in DA cell body areas or in the medial forebrain bundle (Hull et al., 1970, 1973; Kitai et al., 1975). Moreover, recent work has shown that local application of a D2 receptor agonist at the site of stimulation inhibits the generation of glutamatergic EPSPs in striatal neurons, suggesting that D2 responsive, putative DA neurons (and not fibres of passage), are indeed responsible for such EPSPs (Chuhma et al., 2004).
Organotypic cortex-striatum-mesencephalon cultures: The nigrostriatal pathway
1996, Neuroscience LettersThe generation of natural firing patterns in neostriatal neurons
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