Editorial

Metals and metalloids in complementary and alternative medicines

Arsenic in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has caused public concerns about its health risk in recent years due to the high toxicity of arsenic and widespread use of those medicines throughout the world. However, in previous studies the arsenic toxicity was usually overestimated by considering the total arsenic concentration only. This work investigated the total concentration, speciation and bioaccessibility of arsenic in 84 commonly used traditional Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) and Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) to evaluate arsenic's potential health risks to human. Arsenic was found in all the CPMs and 88% of CHMs at concentrations ranging from 0.033 to 91,000 mg kg^− 1 and 0.012 to 6.6 mg kg^− 1, respectively. The bioaccessibility of arsenic varied significantly and was in the range of 0.21%–90% in the CPMs and 15%–96% in the CHMs, with inorganic arsenic as the predominant species. The average daily intake dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) of arsenic in most of medicines were within the safe limits, while in certain medicines, they exceeded the safe threshold level. These excesses remind us that the potential health risk by consumption of several medicines may not be negligible and more control and monitoring of arsenic in medicines should be carried out.