ReviewOn neural plasticity, new neurons and the postischemic milieu: An integrated view on experimental rehabilitation
Section snippets
Nervous system reorganization after brain lesions
Focal brain lesions and ischemic events induce a number of widespread changes in neuronal activity and metabolism that are dependent upon the type and size of lesion and display a different time course (Abe et al., 2000, Nicolelis et al., 1998, Rubin et al., 2000). Several studies have suggested that plastic processes taking place in brain areas contralateral to the injury might be of importance for functional recovery (Biernaskie and Corbett, 2001, Carmichael and Chesselet, 2002, Jones et al.,
Intact brain
Neurogenesis or the generation and maturation of neurons, the ultimate functional unit of the brain, is an inherent feature of the development of the embryonic and perinatal mammalian central nervous system. However, in the adult mammalian brain including in human, neurogenesis is known to persist in two distinct regions: the subgranular zone (SGZ) and granule cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation and the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) from where immature
The postischemic mileu: glia, inflammatory cells and the vasculature
The mechanisms by which lesion-induced activation of the germinal niches is modulated have started to be elucidated. Studies so far have suggested involvement of the glutamatergic system (Arvidsson et al., 2001, Bernabeu and Sharp, 2000, Kluska et al., 2005, Yanamoto et al., 2005), inflammatory mediators (Heldmann et al., 2005, Kluska et al., 2005) and nitric oxide (Luo et al., 2005, Sun et al., 2005). A host of substances and factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like
Conclusions
An ischemic lesion and environmental manipulation affect profoundly brain function and structure. An abundance of descriptive data exist on plastic processes taking places in the postischemic brain and it is now necessary to specifically and mechanistically explore the functional potential of the different components (neuronal re-organization, sprouting, neuro-, gliogenesis, inflammatory response and angiogenesis). Notably, it is prudent to examine adult neural stem cells from the perspective
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2016, Journal of EthnopharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Adult neurogenesis in specific brain regions is the most important feature of neural plasticity (Cayre et al., 2009). Studies have confirmed that cerebral ischemia could promote the proliferation of neural precursor cells, which reflects self-repair ability (Komitova et al., 2006; Kreuzberg et al., 2010). Nevertheless, ischemia-induced neurogenesis appears to be insufficient or ineffective to compensate for neuron loss (Arvidsson et al., 2002; Collin et al., 2005; Lindvall et al., 2004).
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