Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients for polymorphic control and for complex formation☆
Introduction
A number of interesting properties are associated with the critical state. One of these is that the density of the liquid and of the vapor become identical, and for this reason the meniscus, the interface between the two phases, disappears. A second property of the critical state, which can be predicted from the kinetic theory of gases, is that the intermolecular van der Waals forces of the liquid and the vapor must be identical. Actually the constants appearing in the van der Waals equation of state for a real gas can be evaluated from the critical constants, i.e., critical pressure, critical temperature and critical volume [1].
During the past decade, interest regarding the supercritical state has increased significantly because of its importance in a variety of fields, including synthetic chemistry, environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, material science, food industry, and powder technology [2], [3]. Particularly, its characteristics have been exploited in extraction, separation and crystallization processes [4].
It is an important mission of the pharmaceutical industry to design and produce effective, stable, uniform and safe dosage forms that contain exact quantities and qualities of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The quality of a product is strongly related to and influenced by its design in research and development. The quality depends on the inter-relationship of many factors besides the active substance in a dosage form. Without considering physicochemical characteristics of the materials and manufacturing processes for the product, it would be impossible to establish the specifications required to assure product uniformity [5].
Active pharmaceutical ingredients may exist in numerous solid forms that may feature different physical and chemical properties [6], [7]. These solid forms include polymorphs, solvates, desolvates and amorphous solids. Different solid forms of a given compound have different properties such as melting point, solubility, stability and bioavailability. Byrn et al. reported a conceptual approach to the characterization of pharmaceutical solids generally encountered [8]. They developed flow charts which describe approaches to regulatory issues for polymorphs, solvates, desolvated solvates and amorphous forms. The successful utilization of a solid form may provide greater therapeutic effect. On the other hand, the existence of unrecognized, multiple modifications in a particular formulation may possibly result in unacceptable dose-to-dose variations. Distinct solid forms can be prepared by precipitation, evaporation, milling, freeze drying, spray drying, and many other unit processes including supercritical technology.
Numerous attempts have been made to improve dissolution behavior and to enhance bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, including the use of solid dispersions, complex formation and inclusion compound formation, as well as micronization [9]. The approach of solid dispersion was first demonstrated by Sekiguchi and Obi, using a eutectic mixture of sulfathiazole and urea [10]. Inclusion compounds have also been developed for the modification of solubility, stability, prevention of irritative action to gastrointestinal tracts and volatility depression. It is believed that pharmaceutical technology will play an important role in preparing these high potential solid systems for future dosage forms.
In this review, an attempt is made to review the current pharmaceutical literature on supercritical technology concerning crystal modification and complex formation of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Section snippets
Crystal modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients by supercritical carbon dioxide treatment
Particle design of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is important to make the solid dosage forms with suitable physicochemical properties. Control of the characteristic properties of particles, such as size, shape, crystal structure and morphology are required to optimize the formulation. For example, polymorphic form of solid pharmaceuticals influences the dissolution properties and stabilities of solid dosage forms. Since the bioavailability of orally applied drugs depends on the rate
Utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide to prepare solid dispersions of active pharmaceutical ingredients
The most characteristic property of supercritical fluids is the large density fluctuation near the critical point. A well-known problem in physical chemistry of supercritical fluids has been how this density fluctuation is reflected in the various kinds of manufacturing processes of solute molecules dissolved in supercritical fluids [38], [46], [47]. However, the poor solubility of APIs in scCO2 often places severe restrictions on its widespread use in pharmaceutical processing.
The objective in
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2021, Journal of Supercritical FluidsCitation Excerpt :Numerous researches have been worked on experimental and theoretical studies of supercritical fluid processes applied in the production of more valuable and temperature-sensitive materials such as pharmaceutical compounds with particle size in micron and submicron range. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO2) has significant benefits in terms of mild critical parameters, especially temperature (Tc is around 31 °C), control of particle size distribution at micrometric and nanometric scales, and minimize cross-contamination of solvent [24,25]. A number of supercritical based processes such as gas antisolvent process (GAS) [37], supercritical antisolvent process (SAS) [38,39], and supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions process (SFEE) [40,41] have also been exercised for generation of particular drugs and polymers.
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2021, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Another significant advantage of the SCF process is the single-step fabrication, which is highly difficult by most conventional techniques [3]. Despite the availability of numerous review articles in exploring the potential of the SCF technology by other research groups and us, most of the studies are focused on the primary importance of various SCF-assisted processes and their application in the fabrication of diverse composite delivery systems in combination to the polymers and other supramolecular species [10,17,26,28,29,36,38–69]. Interestingly, it is noteworthy to highlight the thematic issue entitled “Drug delivery applications of the SCF technology” hosted by Kawashima and York in the journal “Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews”, which presented the fabrication of the various SCFs-assisted particulate forms for drug delivery and other related biomedical applications [70].
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This review is part of the Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews theme issue on “Drug Delivery Applications of Supercritical Fluid Technology”.