Effect of porosity on Young's modulus of nanocrystalline materials

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    Although some studies appear to contradict these trends, the differences observed may be due to other factors (often introduced during synthesis) that can affect the corrosion behaviour in addition to grain size refinement and whose effects are often not considered in many studies; these factors include alloying, impurities, crystallographic texture, number of crystallographic phases, internal stress and porosity. In the case of nanomaterials, the contribution of these other metallurgical factors has also been the root cause of controversy for other properties (i.e. Young’s modulus [14,24,25]), since in many instances, the synthesis method can introduce additional metallurgical differences compared to their coarse-grained polycrystalline counterparts [8]. Thus, it is important to characterize the nanomaterial’s metallurgy to better understand the effects of grain size reduction on a particular property compared to other metallurgical changes.

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    One goal of this research is to establish potential linkage of microstructure to thermal and mechanical properties. Experimental measurements have shown that the grain size can affect the elastic modulus of nanocrystalline metallic materials [82,83]. Local material property variation significantly affects mechanical behavior of a material, [74].

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    The volume expansion in m-ZrO2 phase is always responsible for inducing the micro-crack defects along with porosity. Therefore, it is confirmed that a decrease in an elastic modulus are solely due to discontinuity of ZrO2 phases in A-Z and same isindependent of crystallite size [48,49]. Hence, an elastic modulus is directly connected to an interatomic bonding between the atoms/molecules [50].

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    Young’s modulus, for example, was initially thought to significantly change with grain size in materials produced from nanopowder precursors; however, it was later determined that initial studies neglected the effects of porosity which incurred through the synthesis methods (e.g. inert gas condensation) of those nanomaterials [4]. Studies on nanocrystalline electrodeposits showed that Young’s modulus was insensitive to grain size refinement until very low grain sizes (<10 nm) were attained [5–7]. The development of nanocrystalline materials made by electrodeposition contributed to the understanding of the effect of grain size on different properties since nanomaterials are typically produced with negligible porosity.

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