Elsevier

Pedobiologia

Volume 59, Issues 5–6, November 2016, Pages 233-241
Pedobiologia

Effects of herbivores on nitrogen fixation by grass endophytes, legume symbionts and free-living soil surface bacteria in the Serengeti

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2016.09.001Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Highlights

  • The factors limiting nitrogen-fixing bacteria on grass roots are not well known.

  • In Serengeti, roots of the dominant grass harbor abundant, active N-fixing bacteria.

  • Legume N-fixers fix more N than grass root N-fixers, but are limited by herbivores.

  • Grass N-fixation per area exceeds that of legumes but is limited by herbivores.

  • N-fixation by grasses may be more important than previously realized.

Abstract

Grass roots can harbor abundant endophytic N2-fixing microbes (diazotrophs), but their abundance and activity compared to those on legumes and in soil crusts is still unknown. Here, in a natural ecosystem, the Serengeti of East Africa, we explored whether herbivores and soil nutrients limited grass root endophyte diazotroph abundance and their root mass-specific and area-specific N2-fixation, as they often do for diazotrophs symbiotic with legumes and those free-living in soil. N2-fixation and copy number of the nitrogenase gene nifH was measured with stable isotope and molecular methods, respectively, for the dominant grass Themeda triandra, and legume, Indigofera volkensii, and in the top 5 cm of soil in a 16-year herbivore exclosure experiment across four sites that varied in mean annual rainfall and soil N, P, and moisture. T. triandra nifH gene copy number was highly variable across sites and individuals but often approached or exceeded that of I. volkensii roots and soils. T. triandra roots generally exhibited lower root mass-specific N2-fixation (activity), which was not reduced by herbivores and increased in drier soils. In contrast, I. volkensii activity was only reduced by herbivores and soil diazotrophs were mostly inactive. T. triandra exhibited greater area-specific N2-fixation than I. volkensii, due to its much greater root biomass, but this difference was reduced by herbivores. Grass-associated endophytic diazotrophs may fix far more N2 in natural systems than previously realized, and may be limited by different factors those affecting symbiotic legume and free-living soil diazotrophs.

Keywords

Nitrogen fixation
nifH gene
Herbivory
Grasslands
Grasses
Legumes
microbes
Bacteria
Stable isotopes
Roots

Cited by (0)