Research ArticleNanovesicle aerosols as surfactant therapy in lung injury
Graphical Abstract
Nanovesicles of nonlamellar lipids were developed as aerosols for surfactant therapy in acute lung injury. They overcame protein inhibition and showed superior surface properties and cellular internalization. The figure bottom panel depicts the internalization of rhodamine-tagged surfactant nanovesicles within A549 cells, and the top panel shows the low internalization of the free dye.
Section snippets
Preparation of nanovesicles
The details of the materials used are described in the Supplementary Section (available online at http://www.nanomedjournal.com). DPPC and DOPE (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, Alabama) were combined in various ratios of 8:2, 7:3, and 1:1 (w/w) to form DPPC-DOPE nanovesicles by thin-film hydration. Required amounts of the lipids were weighed and dissolved in a chloroform-methanol mixture 2:1 (v/v). The solvents were evaporated to form a thin film using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Roteva,
Characterization of DPPC-DOPE nanovesicles
DPPC-DOPE (8:2, 7:3, and 1:1) nanovesicles had particle sizes of 300 ± 50 nm by dynamic light scattering. TEM also showed intact bilayers and spherical nanovesicles of 200–300 nm diameter. Figure 1 depicts a representative image of DPPC-DOPE (1:1) nanovesicles.
Adsorption in an acidic environment
All the DPPC-DOPE nanovesicles showed significantly lower surface tensions on adsorption at pH 0.36 than at pH 7.4 (P < 0.05). DPPC-DOPE (1:1) achieved significantly lower surface tensions on adsorption, at both pH 7.4 and pH 0.36, than
Discussion
In this study, nanovesicles of DPPC-DOPE were developed of uniform sizes of 300 ± 50 nm by controlled thin-film hydration. No further sonication or extrusion was required for control of the size of the vesicles.
DPPC-DOPE (1:1) nanovesicles showed significantly lower surface tensions on adsorption at pH 7.4 and 0.36 than DPPC-DOPE 8:2 and 7:3 (P < 0.05). Further, a significant improvement in adsorption was seen at low pH, with lower surface tensions being achieved at pH 0.36 than at pH 7.4 (P <
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Financial support was provided by the Department of Biotechnology, India.