Matter
Volume 4, Issue 2, 3 February 2021, Pages 635-653
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Article
Fully Air-Processed Dynamic Hot-Air-Assisted M:CsPbI2Br (M: Eu2+, In3+) for Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.008Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • Fully air-processed dynamic hot-air method for all-inorganic perovskite solar cells

  • Divalent and trivalent metal-ion-doped M:CsPbI2Br for black-phase stabilization

  • Eu2+- and In3+-doped CsPbI2Br perovskite along with a P3HT hole-transporting layer

  • Optimum M dopant and air temperature produce stable >17.45% efficiency

Progress and Potential

Organic-inorganic mixed-halide perovskite solar cells are promising photovoltaic technology and are now passing 25.5% power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, due to the poor thermal stability of conventional organic cations, the all-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted great interest. Here we developed a dynamic hot-air method for the deposition of highly uniform M:CsPbI2Br perovskite thin films that are highly stable under ambient conditions. We adopted a Eu2+ and In3+ divalent and trivalent metal-ion-incorporation protocol for making thermodynamically stable photoactive black-phase CsPbI2Br. The partial pre-evaporation of DMSO solvents leads to the formation of a PbX2-DMDO-CsI intermediate phase that results in a highly uniform >530 nm thick perovskite M:CsPbI2Br absorber. A champion device with an InCl3:CsPbI2Br-based absorber exhibited a PCE of 17.45% with record open-circuit voltage of 1.334 V and fill factor of 80.1% and retains >200 h thermal stability.

Summary

Cesium and lead-based mixed-halide (CsPbX3) all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (AI-PSCs) exhibit an excellent thermal stability compared with conventional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite devices. Here, we have developed a dynamic hot-air-assisted method to obtain highly crystalline, pinhole-free, thick, and uniform black CsPbI2Br films over a square centimeter scale to optimize the performance of the devices and, later, doped it with divalent and trivalent metal ions (M:CsPbI2Br [M stands for the metal ions Eu2+ and In3+]) to enhance even more the stability. These fully air-processed M:CsPbI2Br-based devices exhibit 17.46% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for a small area (0.09 cm2) and a PCE of 15.82% (under reverse scan) for square-centimeter-scale cells with stabilized efficiency of 17.05% and 15.04%, respectively. Interestingly, our unencapsulated AI-PSCs maintain >95% and >75% of initial PCE over 400 h at 65°C and 85°C, respectively, revealing a robustness against thermal stress.

Keywords

inorganic perovskite solar cells
dynamic hot-air method
metal-ion incorporation
air-thermal stability
upscaling

Material Advancement Progression

MAP4: Demonstrate

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