Combining wind and solar energy sources: Potential for hybrid power generation in Brazil

doi:10.1016/j.jup.2020.101084

Utilities Policy

Volume 67, December 2020, 101084

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101084 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
Wind and solar potentials are high in Brazil and are being recently explored.
•
There are geographic location coincidences and wind-solar energy complementarity.
•
Currently, there are no specific policies for hybrid energy projects in Brazil.
•
Wind-solar development points to the advantages of combined centralized generation.
•
There is need to improve the national energy policy in favour of hybrid enterprises.

Abstract

Wind and solar energy have stood out in recent years because of the growth of global installed capacity. This work aims to present wind and solar photovoltaic energy development and its regulatory framework in Brazil, and demonstrate the potential for centralized hybrid generation. Official studies, research reports, and thematic maps were consulted, and two pilot hybrid plants were studied. Results indicate that there is great potential for centralized hybrid generation in the Brazilian Northeast region. However, there is a need for the regulatory framework to evolve to enable its development.

Introduction

Developing new renewable energy is a key factor for the transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to alternative and diversified resources with lower environmental impacts. In this context, wind and photovoltaic solar energy have stood out significantly in recent years in terms of investments, research, and expansion of the world's installed capacity.

The current power generation paradigm is based on centralized generation from large power plants that use a single type of resource. However, the combined use of more than one energy source is quite common for distributed generation in remote places, where it would be economically unfeasible to connect these consumers to the centralized generation infrastructure. In recent years there have been some initiatives aimed at the creation and study of Hybrid Energy Systems (HES) for centralized generation. Among renewable energy technologies, the combination of wind and solar PV energy, when a complementarity exists, has emerged as a possibility of producing electricity from HES. However, the economic feasibility of HES is quite recent, and there are many gaps in the technical and scientific knowledge that need to be filled.

Brazil is a developing country, and its demand for non-hydro renewable energy is growing. Abundant wind and solar resources are available in Brazil. In recent years, wind and solar energy have been introduced in the electrical matrix, and the prospects for the development of these technologies are excellent. In addition, in specific regions of Brazil, there is a high complementarity between wind, solar, and water resources, which can be exploited. Therefore, HES power plants can benefit from energy resources complementarity and produce energy more efficiently than plants with a single energy source. Renewable electricity generation is promoted and supported through the current regulatory framework; however, there is not yet specific regulation for HES projects in Brazil. This study demonstrates that the Northeast Region of Brazil is conducive to HES projects; there are two pilot hybrid power plants in the Northeast, and that wind-solar PV hybrid power plants can be one innovative option for national energy security.

Despite the availability of resources, the effectiveness of hybrid plants, and the results of some technical studies on HES in Brazil, the current regulatory framework is not yet supportive of hybrid plants because so far, there has been no regulatory decision by the Federal government or the regulatory agency.

In this context, this article contributes to knowledge of HES development for large scale generation from wind and solar sources. The main objectives of this work are: demonstrate the expansion potential of wind and solar energy in Brazil, the complementarity of these resources in specific regions, and consequently, the potential for wind-solar hybrid plants; and examine the current national renewable energy generation regulatory framework and provide recommendations for the development of a regulatory framework that would support wind-solar hybrid power plants.

Section snippets

Methods

The methodology applied is exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative. The article reviews governmental and academic documents, technical reports and thematic maps of national (EPE, ANEEL, ONS, ABEOLICA, and ABSOLAR) and international (IEA, IRENA, and REN21) agencies and associations, as well as two case studies of hybrid power plants with an aim to (a) demonstrate the expansion potential of wind and solar energy in Brazil, the complementarity of these resources in specific regions, and

Literature review

Supply of, and demand for electric power in the world has increased over the last decades (IEA, 2014a). Therefore, planning and energy security considerations drove several countries to diversify their energy generation strategies and include alternative sources for electricity generation to reduce fossil-fuel consumption, address environmental issues, and climate change mitigation targets (Santos, 2015). Developed countries, such as the USA, Germany, and the United Kingdom, and developing

Overview of wind and solar photovoltaic power expansion in the world

The development of wind power and, to a lesser extent, solar PV power in the Brazilian Electricity Sector has followed a worldwide expansion trend. About 15%–18% of global electricity could be provided by wind power in 2050, from a total installed capacity of about 2300–2800 GW, and this would avoid emissions of up to 4.8 GtCO₂/year. It is also suggested that wind power production could increase significantly, generating 6678 TWh annually, from 2500 GW of installed capacity, in 2030 and

Overview of the Brazilian Electricity Sector

Initially, the BES was almost entirely state-owned in its three parts: generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. However, from the 1990s a Liberal government was elected for two terms (1995–1998 and 1999–2002) and the Federal government's public policies started to have a more liberal economic profile, which resulted in reform of the BES's institutional model in 1997 (BRADSHAW, 2017; SILVA, 2011; D’ARAÚJO, 2009).

In the late 90s and early 2000s, a severe drought in Brazil

Wind and solar potential in Brazil

Brazil has a considerable potential for electricity generation from wind and solar energy. The National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change (INCT–Clima) estimated a gross wind power potential of up to 880.5 GW (with a possibility of production of 1700 TWh/year) considering hub heights of 100 m, with 522 GW being technically feasible (PEREIRA, 2016). The wind regime in the South, especially in the Northeast region, has excellent characteristics for electricity generation: good

Regulatory framework revision and the need for inclusion of the hybrid projects

In Brazil, there is a need for more renewable electricity generation; great potential for hybrid projects due to the complementarity of resources, and great potential for hybrid projects due to the established higher performance and synergy of such projects. The current regulatory framework does not support hybrid projects. Thus, the current discussions related to the BES regulatory framework revision are an opportunity to create new specific regulations on HES plants.

In 2016, the Federal

Discussion

In terms of the expansion potential of wind, solar and hybrid projects, the information presented in this article proven that Brazil has excellent conditions of geographical coincidences associated with high potentials and the complementarities (seasonal and daily) of wind and solar sources. Brazil showed the expressive development of wind and solar PV power in Brazil during the past few years, and the installed capacities of wind power and solar PV in Brazil were 14.4 GW and 2.3. GW,

Conclusion

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are proving strategic and assisting Brazil to expand and diversify its electricity matrix. Large scale wind energy in Brazil began in 2009, and hundreds of new wind farms have been installed since then. Large scale solar PV energy had an initial milestone in 2014, signalling that the technology can grow as much as wind energy.

This study demonstrated the great potential for the deployment of centralized wind-PV hybrid power plants. It was

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no financial interests involved in this paper.

Acknowledgment

This study was financed in part by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

References (111)

G. Aquila et al.
Wind power generation: an impact analysis of incentive strategies for cleaner energy provision in Brazil
J. Clean. Prod.
(2016)
A. Bradshaw
Regulatory change and innovation in Latin America: the case of renewable energy in Brazil
Util. Pol.
(2017)
A. Bradshaw et al.
Governing energy transitions and regional economic development: evidence from three Brazilian states
Energy Pol.
(2019)
A.S. Brouwer et al.
Impacts of large-scale Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources on electricity systems, and how these can be modelled
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
(2014)
P. De Jong et al.
Solar and Wind energy production in relation to the electricity load curve and hydroelectricity in the Northeast region of Brazil
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
(2013)
P. De Jong et al.
Economic and environmental analysis of electricity generation technologies in Brazil
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
(2015)
P. De Jong et al.
Forecasting high proportions of wind energy supplying the Brazilian Northeast electricity grid
Appl. Energy
(2017)
P. De Jong et al.
Estimating the impact of climate change on wind and solar energy in Brazil using a South American regional climate model
Renew. Energy
(2019)
J.R.F. Diógenes et al.
Barriers to onshore wind farm implementation in Brazil
Energy Pol.
(2019)
K. Engeland et al.
Space-time variability of climate variables and intermittent renewable electricity production–A review
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
(2017)

N. Farrell et al.

An auction framework to integrate dynamic transmission expansion planning and pay-as-bid wind connection auctions

Appl. Energy

(2018)

M.O.A. González et al.

Sustainable development: case study in the implementation of renewable energy in Brazil

J. Cleaner Prod. J. Cleaner Prod.

(2017)

M.M. Herrera et al.

Assessing the effect of transmission constraints on wind power expansion in northeast Brazil

Util. Pol.

(2019)

J. Kim et al.

Evaluation of electrical energy storage (EES) technologies for renewable energy: a case from the US pacific northwest

J. Energy Storag.

(2017)

A. Mahesh et al.

Hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system developments: critical review and findings

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

(2015)

F.R. Martins et al.

Enhancing information for solar and wind energy technology deployment in Brazil

Energy Pol.

(2011)

P. Moriarty et al.

Intermittent renewable energy: the only future source of hydrogen?

Int. J. Hydrogen Energy

(2007)

D.R. Raimundo et al.

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions avoided by wind generation in the Brazilian energetic matrix: a retroactive analysis and future potential

Resour. Conserv. Recycl.

(2018)

Infowind Brazil. Infowind N^o 9, Update 2019

Annual Wind Energy Report 2018

(2019)

Solar: 1 GWp para começar

(2014)

UHE de Balbina recebe equipamentos para montagem de usina solar flutuante

(2017)

Nota Técnica N° 051/2019-SRG-SCG-SRD-SRT/ANEEL. Processo: 48500.005625/2018-91. Assunto: Instauração de Consulta Pública visando colher subsídios para elaboração de proposta de normativo sobre o estabelecimento de usinas híbridas e/ou associadas

(2019)

Consulta Pública 014/2019: Objeto - obter subsídios para a elaboração de proposta de Resolução Normativa que discipline a implantação e operação de usinas híbridas

(2019)

C.F.O. Barbosa et al.

Conceitos sobre Sistemas Híbridos de Energia para Produção de Eletricidade

VI Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar (VI CBENS)

(2016)

R.R. Barbosa et al.

Energia Solar Fotovoltaica no Semiárido: potential, Cenário Atual e Perspectivas

II Congresso Internacional da Diversidade do Semiárido (CONIDIS)

(2017)

C.F.O. Barbosa et al.

Sistemas Híbridos de Energia: aplicações e Estudos no Brasil

VI CBENS

(2016)

M.V. Barros et al.

Carbon footprint of electricity generation in Brazil: an analysis of the 2016–2026 period

Energies

(2018)

Câmara DOS DEPUTADOS

Projeto de Emenda Parlamentar (PEC) 97/2015. Ementa: Dá nova redação aos arts. 20 e 21 da Constituição Federal. Dados Complementares: Transforma o potential de energia eólica em patrimônio da União, ensejando o pagamento de royalties pela sua exploração. Brasília

(2015)

Atlas Eólico: Bahia. ISBN 978-85-67342-00-9

(2013)

C.R.F. Carvalho et al.

Projeto híbrido eólico solar: Uma experiência prática - estudo de Caso. Renova energia

1° Encontro Baiano de Energia Solar

(2016)

Comunicados e Notícias. Brasília

(2018)

Atlas Do Potential Eólico Brasileiro: Simulações 2013

(2017)

C.V. Costa et al.

Technological innovation policies to promote renewable energies: Lessons from the European experience for the Brazilian case

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

(2008)

P. De Jong et al.

Complementaridade das energias eólica e solar na Bahia

XVII Congresso Brasileiro de Energia (CBE), Rio de Janeiro

(2017)

A. Coutinho et al.

Complementaridade Eólico-Solar para a região Nordeste: estudo de Fornecimento de Energia sob uma Perspectiva de Longo Prazo

Brazil Windpower 2017 Rio de Janeiro

(2017)

R.P. D’Araújo

M. Dester

Insertion of renewable energy sources into Brazil's power mix

Energy Sources B Energy Econ. Plann.

(2017)

H. Doukas et al.

Energy policy making: an old concept or a modern challenge?

Energy Sources, part B

(2008)

Egpb

Informações institucionais

Palestra sobre Usinas Híbridas

Workshop EPE: Usinas Híbridas no SIN, Rio de Janeiro

(2019)

Plano Nacional de Energia 2030: Geração Hidrelétrica

(2007)

Nota Técnica: Análise da Inserção da Geração Solar na Matriz Elétrica Brasileira

(2012)

Informações institucionais Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de Janeiro

(2014)

Série Estudos da Demanda de Energia: Nota Técnica DEA 13/14 – Demanda de Energia 2050, Plano Nacional de Energia 2050 (PNE 2050)

(2016)

Estudos de Planejamento da Expansão da Geração – Avaliação da Geração de Usinas Híbridas Eólico-Fotovoltaicas: Proposta metodológica e estudos de caso. N^o. EPE-DEE-NT-025/2017-r0

(2017)

Plano Decenal de Expansao de Energia 2026. Empresa de Pesquisa Energática, Rio de Janeiro

Leilões de Energia Nova de de 2017: Apresentando os resultados e como isso afeta os estudos de planejamento energético

(2017)

Análise do Atendimento à Demanda Máxima de Potência. N^o EPE-DEE-NT-035/2017-r0. Rio de Janeiro

(2017)

Estudos de Planejamento da Expansão da Geração: Usinas Híbridas - Uma análise qualitativa de temas regulatórios e comerciais relevantes ao planejamento

(2018)

Cited by (39)

Complementarity of offshore energy resources on the Spanish coasts: Wind, wave, and photovoltaic energy
2024, Renewable Energy
The complementarity of the solar, wind, and wave energy resource in hybrid offshore platforms has the potential to increase productivity and reduce the variability in the energy output that a single type of energy source can generate. In this study, ERA5 reanalysis is used to calculate wind, solar and wave energy resources in Spanish potential locations for offshore platforms. The results indicate that wind energy presents the largest energy resource for all Spanish offshore regions, followed by photovoltaic energy. However, taking in count the “drought periods” (periods in which no energy is obtained from any of the analysed technologies), wave energy presents an opportunity to provide a continuous flow of energy, especially in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The evaluation of the complementarity of the three energy sources shows that the use of hybrid platforms would not only increase energy production but also reduce variability. In terms of energy production, wind energy along with solar energy are the largest energy generators. But in terms of minimizing variability, wave energy along with solar photovoltaic energy are the most important. Thus, this study is paving the way to introduce multiple energy converters on hybrid platforms as a pathway toward more powerful and sustainable energy production.
A coordinated approach for a three-echelon solar-wind energy supply with government intervention
2024, Utilities Policy
In the contemporary era, renewable energy sources are employed globally. Their uncertain and intermittent nature conduce to a hybrid system that fully meets the electricity demand. This paper proposes a three-echelon hybrid (solar-wind) supply chain with government intervention and considers two approaches: (1) The decentralized model (non-cooperative Nash game) and (2) The government model with demand-side and supply-side subsidy policies. The optimal values obtained from the Nash game are put in the government function to acquire tariffs, and the paper aims to select the best policy. Finally, sensitivity analysis and managerial insights are presented.
Comparative energy performance analysis of solar water pumping systems across diverse climate zones
2024, Journal of Engineering Research (Kuwait)
The solar PV system-based water pumping plant is cost-effective in developing countries like India. This study compares remote solar water pumping systems, accounting various factors like site location, system size, and performance, in several climate-sensitive Indian regions. The PVsyst simulation software is used to design the standalone solar water pumping system. Data inputs are obtained from four different climatic locations in southern part of India. A comparative analysis is performed for the four regions based on the solar yield, performance ratio (PR), energy losses, and pump efficiency. The PVsyst simulation analysis shows that the overall pump efficiency ranges between 57 % and 66 %, and the performance ratio ranges between 51 % and 69 %. The outcome of the results is useful for making a policy decision about locating the best solar pumping station based on the climate conditions, particularly for remote villages.
Standardized benchmark of historical compound wind and solar energy droughts across the Continental United States
2024, Renewable Energy
As we move towards a decarbonized grid, reliance on weather-dependent energy increases as does exposure to prolonged natural resource shortages known as energy droughts. Compound energy droughts occur when two or more predominant renewable energy sources simultaneously are in drought conditions. In this study we present a methodology and dataset for examining compound wind and solar energy droughts as well as the first standardized benchmark of energy droughts across the Continental United States (CONUS) for a 2020 infrastructure. Using a recently developed dataset of simulated hourly plant level generation which includes thousands of wind and solar plants, we examine the frequency, duration, magnitude, and seasonality of energy droughts at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Results are presented for 15 Balancing Authorities (BAs), regions of the U.S. power grid where wind and solar are must-take resources by the power grid and must be balanced. Compound wind and solar droughts are shown to have distinct spatial and temporal patterns across the CONUS. BA-level load is also included in the drought analysis to quantify events where high load is coincident with wind and solar droughts. We find that energy drought characteristics are regional and the longest droughts can last from 16 to 37 continuous hours, and up to 6 days. The longest hourly energy droughts occur in Texas while the longest daily droughts occur in California. Compound energy drought events that include load are more severe on average compared to events that involve only wind and solar. In addition, we find that compound high load events occur more often during compound wind and solar droughts that would be expected due to chance. The insights obtained from these findings and the summarized characteristics of energy drought provide valuable guidance on grid planning and storage sizing at the regional scale.
Review of mapping analysis and complementarity between solar and wind energy sources
2023, Energy
This review aims to identify the available methodologies, data, and techniques for mapping the potential of solar and wind energy and its complementarity and to provide significant research and patents regarding these issues. The review shows that the mapping methodologies vary in space and time, going from a global scale to a microscale. Studies use observed data, such as land-based monitoring stations, upper-air stations, wind towers, and satellite data. Additionally, they use meteorological modeling, such as analysis and reanalysis from global models, and mesoscale and microscale models. The complementarity analysis uses mainly correlation techniques such as Pearson's, Spearman, or Kendall's correlation. However, some studies pointed out that these techniques are unsuitable for analyzing wind and solar time series. This brings additional research and methods to assess and evaluate the complementarity between energy sources, reinforcing that there is no standard or common methodology to perform complementarity analyses. The patent survey has shown that most patents are regarding power plant components, configuration, energy storage in hybrid systems, computational fluid dynamics, and artificial intelligence techniques for improving power plant operation. A case study was established to illustrate the methodology of mapping the solar and wind potential and their complementarity.
Feasibility study of integrating the renewable energy system for increased electricity access: A case study of Choba community in Nigeria
2023, Scientific African
There is no way for developing countries to prosper economically or improve their living standards in rural areas if they lack access to energy and power. Access to electricity is frequently a disadvantage in rural areas of developing nations. This work aims to investigate rural electrification in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, using the Choba community as a case study. The investigation was divided into two stages: the first determined the current state of electrification in Choba, and the second study conducted a detailed assessment of integrating the renewable energy system for increased electricity access using the simulation software HOMER pro to estimate the number of photovoltaic modules (PVMs) and wind turbines required to ensure optimal performance. The analysis was examined by selecting the optimum configuration based on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC). The normal energy consumption for the community is estimated to be approximately 39.12–46.80 MW for full 24-hour supply to all residents. In 2021, 6067.64 megawatt hours of electricity were supplied by Port Harcourt electricity distribution company (PHEDC). From the obtained results, this paper proposes an on-grid hybrid PVM/wind turbine system configuration that yields the optimal results in the case study to solve the power outages currently experienced in Choba. The optimal configuration has an NPC of $20.8 Million and LCOE $0.0117/kWh, with an operating cost of $204.52. This system reduce cost of energy by about 87% when compared with the non-MD customers in Band D.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Combining wind and solar energy sources: Potential for hybrid power generation in Brazil

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Methods

Literature review

Overview of wind and solar photovoltaic power expansion in the world

Overview of the Brazilian Electricity Sector

Wind and solar potential in Brazil

Regulatory framework revision and the need for inclusion of the hybrid projects

Discussion

Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgment

J. Clean. Prod.

Util. Pol.

Energy Pol.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Appl. Energy

Renew. Energy

Energy Pol.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Appl. Energy

J. Cleaner Prod. J. Cleaner Prod.

Util. Pol.

J. Energy Storag.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Energy Pol.

Int. J. Hydrogen Energy

Resour. Conserv. Recycl.

Infowind Brazil. Infowind No 9, Update 2019

Annual Wind Energy Report 2018

Solar: 1 GWp para começar

UHE de Balbina recebe equipamentos para montagem de usina solar flutuante

Nota Técnica N° 051/2019-SRG-SCG-SRD-SRT/ANEEL. Processo: 48500.005625/2018-91. Assunto: Instauração de Consulta Pública visando colher subsídios para elaboração de proposta de normativo sobre o estabelecimento de usinas híbridas e/ou associadas

Consulta Pública 014/2019: Objeto - obter subsídios para a elaboração de proposta de Resolução Normativa que discipline a implantação e operação de usinas híbridas

Conceitos sobre Sistemas Híbridos de Energia para Produção de Eletricidade

VI Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar (VI CBENS)

Energia Solar Fotovoltaica no Semiárido: potential, Cenário Atual e Perspectivas

II Congresso Internacional da Diversidade do Semiárido (CONIDIS)

Sistemas Híbridos de Energia: aplicações e Estudos no Brasil

VI CBENS

Carbon footprint of electricity generation in Brazil: an analysis of the 2016–2026 period

Energies

Projeto de Emenda Parlamentar (PEC) 97/2015. Ementa: Dá nova redação aos arts. 20 e 21 da Constituição Federal. Dados Complementares: Transforma o potential de energia eólica em patrimônio da União, ensejando o pagamento de royalties pela sua exploração. Brasília

Atlas Eólico: Bahia. ISBN 978-85-67342-00-9

Projeto híbrido eólico solar: Uma experiência prática - estudo de Caso. Renova energia

1° Encontro Baiano de Energia Solar

Comunicados e Notícias. Brasília

Atlas Do Potential Eólico Brasileiro: Simulações 2013

Technological innovation policies to promote renewable energies: Lessons from the European experience for the Brazilian case

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Complementaridade das energias eólica e solar na Bahia

XVII Congresso Brasileiro de Energia (CBE), Rio de Janeiro

Complementaridade Eólico-Solar para a região Nordeste: estudo de Fornecimento de Energia sob uma Perspectiva de Longo Prazo

Brazil Windpower 2017 Rio de Janeiro

Insertion of renewable energy sources into Brazil's power mix

Energy Sources B Energy Econ. Plann.

Energy policy making: an old concept or a modern challenge?

Energy Sources, part B

Informações institucionais

Palestra sobre Usinas Híbridas

Workshop EPE: Usinas Híbridas no SIN, Rio de Janeiro

Plano Nacional de Energia 2030: Geração Hidrelétrica

Nota Técnica: Análise da Inserção da Geração Solar na Matriz Elétrica Brasileira

Informações institucionais Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de Janeiro

Série Estudos da Demanda de Energia: Nota Técnica DEA 13/14 – Demanda de Energia 2050, Plano Nacional de Energia 2050 (PNE 2050)

Estudos de Planejamento da Expansão da Geração – Avaliação da Geração de Usinas Híbridas Eólico-Fotovoltaicas: Proposta metodológica e estudos de caso. No. EPE-DEE-NT-025/2017-r0

Plano Decenal de Expansao de Energia 2026. Empresa de Pesquisa Energática, Rio de Janeiro

Leilões de Energia Nova de de 2017: Apresentando os resultados e como isso afeta os estudos de planejamento energético

Análise do Atendimento à Demanda Máxima de Potência. No EPE-DEE-NT-035/2017-r0. Rio de Janeiro

Estudos de Planejamento da Expansão da Geração: Usinas Híbridas - Uma análise qualitativa de temas regulatórios e comerciais relevantes ao planejamento

Infowind Brazil. Infowind N^o 9, Update 2019

Estudos de Planejamento da Expansão da Geração – Avaliação da Geração de Usinas Híbridas Eólico-Fotovoltaicas: Proposta metodológica e estudos de caso. N^o. EPE-DEE-NT-025/2017-r0

Análise do Atendimento à Demanda Máxima de Potência. N^o EPE-DEE-NT-035/2017-r0. Rio de Janeiro