ReviewA review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities
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Introduction to plant-based rutin
In recent decades, many herbs and natural compounds have increasingly been receiving public interest as complementary and alternative medicines (Ahmed et al., 2005). World Health Organization (WHO) has urged the evaluation on the effectiveness of plant-based drugs due to the lack of scientific information (Ayyanar et al., 2008). The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the attractive phytochemicals because of its pharmacological activities. Therefore, it is
Extraction methods for rutin
Numerous extraction methods have been investigating in order to extract rutin optimally from various plant samples. The effort is driven by the renewed interest in plant-based rutin. The techniques range from the traditional solvent extraction to modern methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (Dimitrieska-Stojkovic and Zdravkovski, 2003), pressurized liquid extraction (Zhang et al., 2008, Macikova et al., 2012), microwave-assisted extraction (Zhang et al., 2009), solid phase
Pharmacological activities of rutin
A lot of studies have reported the amazing physiological and pharmacological properties of rutin in mammalian systems either in vivo or in vitro. Table 1 summarizes the important information for the recently reported pharmacological activities of rutin using various experimental models as cited in this article. Most of the biological activities such as anti-inflammation (Guardia et al., 2001, Shen et al., 2002, Han, 2009, Umar et al., 2012), anti-microbial (Dall'Agnol et al., 2003), anti-tumor (
Metabolism of rutin in body
Although rutin has been reported to be widely consumed from edible plants, its precise metabolism is still unknown. Rutin, as other flavonoids usually occur as glycosides in dietary plants (Manach et al., 1997). It is generally considered that flavonoid glycosides are firstly hydrolyzed by the digestive microflora before being absorbed (Kuhnau, 1976). Therefore, rutin was found to be absorbed more slowly than quercetin because quercetin was ready available for digestive absorption both in the
Conclusion
Rutin appears to be a potential phytochemical ingredient in food supplement and medicinal products nowadays. Numerous studies have reported the diverse pharmacological activities of rutin, as well as the risk reduction of diseases for health promotion. Owing to its significant functionality, the incorporation of rutin into food-based products is likely to be a promising practice for development of functional foods and nutraceuticals nowadays (Zhu et al., 2008). Somehow, the incorporation
Acknowledgment
The author would like to express her gratitude to Research Alliance of Biotechnology from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for providing the research grant GUP (Tier 2) 05J84.
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