A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.036

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volume 150, Issue 3, 12 December 2013, Pages 805-817

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.036 Get rights and content

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folkloric medicine worldwide. Rutin is believed to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Till date, over 130 registered therapeutic medicinal preparations are containing rutin in their formulations. This article aims to critically review the extraction methods for plant-based rutin and its pharmacological activities. This review provides comprehensive data on the performance of rutin extraction methods and the extent of its pharmacological activities using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Materials and methods

Literatures including journals, patents, books and leaflets reporting on rutin from natural resources are systematically reviewed, particularly in the aspect of its extraction methods and biological activities. Factors affecting the efficiency of rutin extraction such as extraction temperature, duration and solvent to sample ratio are presented based on the findings of previous studies. The observed biological activities followed by clear explanation are also provided accordingly.

Results

The biological activities of rutin varied largely dependent on the geographical and plant origins. The complexity of natural rutin has impeded the development of rutin derived drugs. The detail mechanism of rutin in human body after consumption is still unclear. Therefore, studies are intensively carried out both in vitro and in vivo for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism. The studies are not limited to the pharmacological properties, but also on the extraction methods of rutin. Many studies have focused on the optimization of extraction method to increase the extraction yield of rutin. Currently, the performances of modern extraction approaches have also been compared to the conventional heat reflux method as a benchmark.

Conclusion

There are various extraction methods for plant-based rutin ranging from conventional method up to the use of modern techniques such as ultrasound, mechanochemical, microwave, infrared and pressurized assisted methods. However, proper comparison between the methods is very difficult because of the variance in plant origin and extraction conditions. It is important to optimize the extraction method in order to produce high yield and acceptable purity of rutin with a reasonable cost. Even though rutin has been proven to be effective in numerous pharmacological activities, the dosage and toxicity of rutin for such activities are still unknown. Future research should relate the dosage and toxicity of rutin for the ethnobotanical claims based on the underlying mechanisms.

Graphical abstract

Section snippets

Introduction to plant-based rutin

In recent decades, many herbs and natural compounds have increasingly been receiving public interest as complementary and alternative medicines (Ahmed et al., 2005). World Health Organization (WHO) has urged the evaluation on the effectiveness of plant-based drugs due to the lack of scientific information (Ayyanar et al., 2008). The natural rutin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside) is one of the attractive phytochemicals because of its pharmacological activities. Therefore, it is

Extraction methods for rutin

Numerous extraction methods have been investigating in order to extract rutin optimally from various plant samples. The effort is driven by the renewed interest in plant-based rutin. The techniques range from the traditional solvent extraction to modern methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (Dimitrieska-Stojkovic and Zdravkovski, 2003), pressurized liquid extraction (Zhang et al., 2008, Macikova et al., 2012), microwave-assisted extraction (Zhang et al., 2009), solid phase

Pharmacological activities of rutin

A lot of studies have reported the amazing physiological and pharmacological properties of rutin in mammalian systems either in vivo or in vitro. Table 1 summarizes the important information for the recently reported pharmacological activities of rutin using various experimental models as cited in this article. Most of the biological activities such as anti-inflammation (Guardia et al., 2001, Shen et al., 2002, Han, 2009, Umar et al., 2012), anti-microbial (Dall'Agnol et al., 2003), anti-tumor (

Metabolism of rutin in body

Although rutin has been reported to be widely consumed from edible plants, its precise metabolism is still unknown. Rutin, as other flavonoids usually occur as glycosides in dietary plants (Manach et al., 1997). It is generally considered that flavonoid glycosides are firstly hydrolyzed by the digestive microflora before being absorbed (Kuhnau, 1976). Therefore, rutin was found to be absorbed more slowly than quercetin because quercetin was ready available for digestive absorption both in the

Conclusion

Rutin appears to be a potential phytochemical ingredient in food supplement and medicinal products nowadays. Numerous studies have reported the diverse pharmacological activities of rutin, as well as the risk reduction of diseases for health promotion. Owing to its significant functionality, the incorporation of rutin into food-based products is likely to be a promising practice for development of functional foods and nutraceuticals nowadays (Zhu et al., 2008). Somehow, the incorporation

Acknowledgment

The author would like to express her gratitude to Research Alliance of Biotechnology from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for providing the research grant GUP (Tier 2) 05J84.

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ReviewA review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Graphical abstract

Section snippets

Introduction to plant-based rutin

Extraction methods for rutin

Pharmacological activities of rutin

Metabolism of rutin in body

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Phytochem. Lett.

Food Chem.

Ultrason. Sonochem.

Sep. Purif. Technol.

Food Chem. Toxicol.

Toxicology

Pharm. Acta Helv.

Talanta

J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Nutr. Biochem.

Anal. Chim. Acta

Food Chem.

Phytomedicine

Talanta

J. Chromatogr. A

Talanta

Food Chem. Toxicol.

J. Chromatogr. A

Free Radicals Antioxid.

Food Chem.

Farmaco

Food Res. Int.

J. Integrative Agric.

J. Plant Physiol.

Int. Immunopharmacol.

Life Sci.

Phytochemistry

Ultrason. Sonochem.

Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

Biomed. Pharmacother.

Ultrason. Sonochem.

Fitoterapia

Food Res. Int.

J. Chromatogr. A

J. Nutr.

Brain Res.

Bioresour. Technol.

Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

Nutr. Res.

J. Surg. Res.

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Food Chem. Toxicol.

Food Res. Int.

Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.

J. Nutr.

J. Nutr. Biochem.

FEBS Lett.

J. Chromatogr. A

Review
A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities