Elsevier

Geobios

Volume 44, Issue 1, January–February 2011, Pages 71-85
Geobios

Original article
An unusually diverse mollusc fauna from the earliest Triassic of South China and its implications for benthic recovery after the end-Permian biotic crisisUne malacofaune exceptionnellement diverse du Trias inférieur de Chine du Sud : implications pour la récupération benthique après la crise biotique fini-permienne

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2010.07.004Get rights and content

Abstract

A single carbonate coquinoid lens from the Griesbachian (Early Triassic) of Shanggan, South China, yielded 11 bivalve species described in this study in addition to four gastropod and one ammonoid species reported elsewhere. This makes the Shanggan fauna one of the richest mollusc faunas from the early post-extinction interval after the end-Permian mass extinction event. Four of the present genera are long-term survivors, five are holdovers that went extinct at the end of the Griesbachian or later in the Early Triassic, and seven first appear in the Griesbachian. Three new bivalve species are described: Myalinella newelli nov. sp., Scythentolium scutigerulus nov. sp., and Eumorphotis shajingengi nov. sp. The genus Astartella, previously assumed to have vanished at the end of the Permian, is reported for the first time from the Early Triassic, which also removes Astartidae from Early Triassic Lazarus taxa. The small growth size of the Astartella specimens supports an earlier hypothesis that many of the Early Triassic Lazarus taxa did not survive in unknown refuges but were simply overlooked due to the scarcity of easily observable large-sized specimens. Ecologically, a comparatively high proportion of infaunal bivalve species (4/11) is remarkable for the early post-extinction interval, supporting the impression of a relatively advanced recovery state. Moreover, abundance-data of the bivalve-gastropod community reveal a remarkably low dominance index (D = 0.17) that is suggestive for advanced recovery and stable environmental conditions. It is proposed that the Shanggan fauna represents a late Griesbachian benthic recovery event that coincided with the appearance of similarly diverse benthic faunas in Oman and Primorye. A high proportion of genera that have previously not been reported from the Early Triassic indicate that the prevalence of poor preservation conditions is a major obstacle in identifying early phases of recovery from the greatest crisis in the history of metazoan life. The early recovery of benthic faunas reported in this study questions previous claims of a prolonged lag phase as a consequence of the extraordinary extinction magnitude or the persistence of adverse environmental conditions.

Résumé

Une lentille coquillère d’âge griesbachien (Trias inférieur) découverte à Shanggan (Chine du Sud) a livré, en plus de quatre espèces de gastéropodes et d’une espèce d’ammonite décrites par ailleurs, onze espèces de bivalves qui sont décrites dans le présent travail. Cela fait de Shanggan l’une des plus riches faunes de mollusques connues pour l’intervalle succédant à l’extinction de la fin du Permien. Quatre des genres présents sont des survivants à long terme, cinq sont des rescapés qui s’éteignent à la fin du Griesbachien ou au Trias inférieur et sept apparaissent nouvellement durant le Griesbachien. Trois nouvelles espèces de bivalves sont introduites : Myalinella newelli nov. sp., Scythentolium scutigerulus nov. sp. et Eumorphotis shajingengi nov. sp. Le genre Astartella, supposé disparaître à la fin du Permien, est documenté pour la première fois dans le Trias inférieur, ce qui rend caduque l’appartenance des Astartidae aux taxons Lazares du Trias inférieur. La petite taille des spécimens d’Astartella confirme le point de vue selon lequel nombre de taxons Lazares du Trias inférieur n’ont pas survécu dans d’hypothétiques refuges mais ont simplement échappé à l’échantillonnage en raison de leur petite taille. D’un point de vue écologique, la relativement forte représentation de formes infaunales parmi les bivalves (quatre espèces sur 11) est remarquable pour cette période faisant directement suite à l’extinction car elle correspondrait à un stade de récupération relativement avancé. De plus, les abondances relatives de la communauté de bivalves et de gastéropodes montrent un indice de dominance remarquablement faible (D = 0.17), ce qui suggère à nouveau un stade de récupération avancé et des conditions environnementales stables. La faune de Shanggan témoigne d’une phase de récupération benthique contemporaine de l’apparition de faunes diversifiées en Oman et au Primorye. Le nombre important de genres qui n’étaient auparavant pas signalés au Trias inférieur suggère que les aléas de la préservation constituent un obstacle majeur pour l’identification des phases précoces de la récupération biotique faisant suite à la plus grande crise du Phanérozoïque. La récupération rapide des faunes benthiques documentée dans ce travail contredit l’hypothèse d’une récupération lente résultant soit de l’intensité exceptionnelle de l’extinction, soit de la persistance de conditions environnementales défavorables.

Introduction

The alleged presence of an unusually long-lasting lag phase after the end-Permian mass extinction event that may encompass the entire Early Triassic (Hallam, 1991) is still pervasive in the literature (e.g., Pruss et al., 2006, Fraiser and Bottjer, 2007, Fraiser and Bottjer, 2009). A recently discovered diverse fauna from the late Griesbachian of Oman was assumed to reflect only a local recovery event that was enabled by palaeogeographically restricted absence of seawater anoxia (Krystyn et al., 2003, Twitchett et al., 2004). However, ammonoids rapidly diversified in the Early Triassic (Brayard et al., 2009), and complex trace fossils indicative for advanced recovery states occur in the late Griesbachian of Canada (Beatty et al., 2008), Greenland (MH, personal observation), and the Alps (Hofmann et al., in preparation), less than 1 Ma after the extinction event (Galfetti et al., 2007). Here, we report an unusually diverse and ecologically heterogeneous mollusc fauna from the late Griesbachian of South China, which further questions claims of a prolonged lag phase after the end-Permian mass extinction and provides unique palaeobiological data from a time during which well preserved fossil material is notoriously scarce.

Section snippets

Geological setting

The material of the present study comes from the Early Triassic Luolou Formation near the village of Shanggan, in the Guangxi Province of South China (Fig. 1). A detailed description of the locality and section is given in Brühwiler et al. (2008). The fossil horizon is a lens-like shell accumulation (Fig. 2) labelled Sha3 in Brühwiler et al. (2008), which occurs at the top of a ca. 10 m-thick microbial limestone succession (Unit I of the Luolou Fm., see Galfetti et al., 2008) that marks the base

Material and methods

The calcareous lens was mechanically disintegrated, resulting in ca. 6 kg of fossiliferous rock fragments that were quantitatively sampled. Macrofossils are represented by bivalves, gastropods, and ammonoids. The taxonomy of the ammonoids, represented by one species of Ophiceras, is discussed in Brühwiler et al. (2008), and a detailed description of the four identified gastropod species is given in Kaim et al. (2010). The present study focuses on the taxonomy and ecology of the bivalves, which

Systematic palaeontology

Class BIVALVIA Linnaeus, 1758

Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA Beurlen, 1944

Order MYTILOIDA Férussac, 1822

Superfamily MYTILOIDEA Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815

Family MYTILIDAE Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815

Genus Modiolus Lamarck, 1799

Type species: Mytilus modiolus Linnaeus, 1758 (subsequent designation by Gray, 1847).

Modiolus sp.

Fig. 4(1)

Material: One right valve (PIMUZ 28463).

Description: Small Modiolus that is externally smooth except for growth lines. Body well inflated, unusually slender for the genus, with

Discussion

Well-preserved bottom-level faunas from the Early Triassic are rare, which is a major obstacle in reconstructing evolutionary pathways during the ecological vacuum that followed the greatest biotic crisis in Earth's history. The present fauna represents one of the best preserved benthic associations from the Griesbachian and is virtually unbiased by a selective loss of taxa with aragonitic shells (see above). It thus provides a unique snapshot of a palaeocommunity that was established

Conclusions

Benthic life started to recover from the greatest mass extinction event in Earth's history much earlier than previously assumed. Difficulties to reconstruct the extent of this early recovery impulse include the prevalence of poor preservation conditions in the Griesbachian and at least to some extent the relatively small growth size of many taxa that were involved in ecosystem rebuilding, because these are easily overlooked during routine field surveys. The unexpectedly early recovery impulse

Acknowledgements

Thomas Galfetti (Zürich) and Arnaud Brayard (Dijon) are acknowledged for their support in the field. This paper is a contribution to the Swiss National Science Foundation projects 200020-113554 and 200021-121774. The research of A.K. has been supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. A.N. acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NU 96/6-1, 6-2). We thank F. Stiller and C.A. McRoberts for helpful reviews.

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    Corresponding editor: Gilles Escarguel.

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