Microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from four economic brown macroalgae species and evaluation of their antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and tyrosinase
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Macroalgae have been consumed by humans for centuries due to their high contents of carbohydrate, protein, minerals and vitamins (Chakraborty, Joseph, & Praveen, 2015; Lorenzo et al., 2017). Brown algae constitute the second most abundant group of marine algae, and consist of about 2000 species (Yuan & Macquarrie, 2015a). In recent years, focus on brown algae has significantly increased because of the numerous bioactive compounds it contains, among which phenolic compounds have attracted particular attention. Polyphenols derived from brown algae comprise a series of compounds such as catechins, phlorotannins, flavonoids, and flavonol glycosides, which have been associated with effective biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities(Heffernan, Smyth, Soler-Villa, Fitzgerald, & Brunton, 2015; Pantidos, Boath, Lund, Conner, & McDougall, 2014). Considering their great taxonomic and environmental diversity, investigation of different macroalgae species for the exploration of new biologically active compounds can be regarded as an almost unlimited field (Rajauria, Foley, & Abu-Ghannam, 2016).
Phenolic compounds from macroalgae were typically extracted using an aqueous mixture of methanol, ethanol, and acetone at room temperature over several hours or days(Farasat, Khavari-Nejad, Nabavi, & Namjooyan, 2014; van Hees, Olsen, Wernberg, Van Alstyne, & Kendrick, 2017), and a few studies have used hot extraction at a temperature about 60 °C (Chakraborty et al., 2015; Heffernan et al., 2015). Recently, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) has been developed as an alternative to conventional extraction technologies due to its advantages of being environment friendly, requiring short extraction time, and offering high efficiency(Peng, Cheng, Xie, & Yang, 2015). Microwave heating is generated by dipole rotation of a polar solvent and ionic conduction of dissolved ions, and this rapid volumetric heating leads to effective cell rupture, releasing the compounds into the solvent(Yuan & Macquarrie, 2015b). A variety of natural resources have been extracted by MAE for various active ingredients (Chen, Zhang, Huang, Fu, & Liu, 2017; Peng et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2018), however, little information is available on MAE of phenolic compounds from macroalgae.
Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria japonica, Lessonia trabeculate and Lessonia nigrecens are four economically important brown macroalgae species around the world. Ascophyllum nodosum can be found on all coasts of Britain and Ireland, and around 32,000 t of Ascophyllum nodosum is harvested per year(Yuan & Macquarrie, 2015a). Laminaria japonica is extensively cultivated in East Asia. Lessonia spp. is a genus of large kelp native to the southern Pacific Ocean and is found distributed along the coasts of South America, New Zealand, Tasmania, and the Antarctic islands(Cho, Klochkova, Krupnova, & Sung, 2006). Presently, the four brown algae are primarily utilized in alginate production and food consumption. Investigation of high-value products for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals is still on the way.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to extract phenolic compounds by MAE from the four abovementioned species, which were further studied for biological activities including antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, pancreatic lipase and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Phenolic profiles of the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection coupled to negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on phenolic compound extraction from Lessonia trabeculate and Lessonia nigrecens, and also the first report on the tyrosinase lipase inhibition activities of phenolic extracts obtained from brown algae.
Section snippets
Raw materials and chemicals
The four seaweed species Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Laminaria japonica (LJ), Lessonia trabeculate (LT), and Lessonia nigrecens (LN) were kindly supplied by Bright Moon Seaweed Group, Qingdao, China. Pancreatic lipase (type II, from porcine pancreas), α-amylase (type IV-B,from porcine pancreas), α-glucosidase (type I, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and tyrosinase from mushroom were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich LLC. Other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.
Microwave assisted extraction of phenolic compounds
Microwave assisted
Extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC)
The extraction yield of crude extracts from four algae species is shown in Table 1. The yield of MAE fraction was higher than that obtained by conventional extraction in all cases, indicating the efficiency of MAE over a much shorter extraction time (15 min) compared to that required for conventional extraction (4 h). Laminaria japonica yielded the highest crude extract of 20.93 ± 0.58%, followed by Ascophyllum nodosum (12.46 ± 0.76%), Lessonia nigrecens (9.28 ± 0.50%) and Lessonia trabeculate
Conclusion
In the present study, microwave assisted extraction technology was successfully applied to extract phenolic compounds from four brown algae species with higher yield and shorter time compared with those involved for conventional extraction methods. According to HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis, phenolic acid derivatives, phlorotannin derivatives and gallocatechin derivatives were major components in the extracts. Antioxidant test indicated that extracts from MAE of four species all exhibited higher
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China (ASTIP-TRIC07), by Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances (SKL-BASS1721).
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