Elsevier

Child Abuse & Neglect

Volume 30, Issue 3, March 2006, Pages 215-229
Child Abuse & Neglect

The scope of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse in a Bedouin-Arab community of female adolescents: The interplay of racism, urbanization, polygamy, family honor, and the social marginalization of women

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.010Get rights and content

Abstract

Objectives

This is an exploratory study of the abuse—especially sexual—of female adolescents in a conservative and traditional Bedouin-Arab community in southern Israel. The objectives were (1) to examine the rate of sexual abuse, (2) to examine the rate of physical and psychological abuse, and (3) to develop regression models to predict these forms of abuse.

Methods

: A self-administered survey that measured demographic characteristics and psychological abuse was distributed to 217 female high-school students (aged 14–18 years). Sexual and physical abuse were measured via the Finkelhor's scale [Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press].

Results

Sixty-nine percent of the participants (n = 149) reported no sexual abuse experiences, 16% reported one or two experiences, 11% reported three or four, and 4% reported more than four. Most participants indicated that they had been physically abused at least once by their father (37.1%), mother (43.7%), or siblings (44%) during the previous month. More than 50% of the participants reported being psychologically abused by members of their immediate families. Mother's age and closeness to mother significantly predicted physical abuse, and marital satisfaction and mother's age significantly predicted psychological abuse.

Conclusion

This study addresses a topic that has never before been fully investigated—the maltreatment of females in a conservative, tribal Arab community. Although this was an exploratory study, the results attest that female abuse is a serious social problem in this community, and that the rate of abuse exceeds that of other Palestinian groups. These findings demonstrate an immediate need for professional intervention and prevention to address this problem.

Résumé

Objectifs

Ceci constitue une étude exploratoire des agressions – particulièrement sexuelles – d’adolescentes dans une communauté arabe bédouine traditionnelle et conservatrice dans le sud d’Israël. Les objectifs ont été: (1) d’examiner la gravité de l’agression sexuelle; (2) la gravité des agressions physique et psychologique; (3) de développer des modèles de régression pour prédire ces formes de d’agression.

Méthodes

Une enquête mesurant les caractéristiques démographiques et les agressions psychologiques a été distribuée à 217 filles élèves de lycée (âgées de 14 à 18 ans). Les agressions sexuelles et physiques ont été mesurées selon l’échelle de Finkelhor (1979).

Résultats

Soixante-neuf pour cent des participantes (n = 149) n’ont pas signalé d’agression sexuelle, 16% ont signalé une ou deux expériences, 11% trois ou quatre, et 4% en ont signalé plus de quatre. La plupart des participantes ont signalé avoir été agressées physiquement au moins une fois par leur père (37.1%), leur mère (47.7%, un frère ou une soeur (44%) au cours du mois précédent. Plus de 50% des participantes ont déclaré avoir subi des violences psychologiques de membres de leurs familles proches. L’âge de la mère et sa proximité faisaient prévoir de façon significative des agressions physiques; le bon fonctionnement marital et l’âge de la mère faisaient prévoir de façon significative une agression psychologique.

Conclusion

Cette étude aborde un sujet qui n’a jamais été entièrement exploré jusqu’ici: les mauvais traitements à l’égard des femmes dans une communauté arabe tribale, conservatrice. Bien qu’il s’agisse d’une étude exploratoire, les résultats attestent que les agressions sur les femmes sont un sérieux problème social dans cette communauté, et que leur niveau dépasse celui d’autres groupes palestiniens. Ces constatations montrent le besoin urgent d’une intervention et d’une prévention par des professionnels pour aborder ce problème.

Resumen

Objetivos

Este es un estudio exploratorio del abuso – especialmente sexual, de adolescentes femeninas en una comunidad conservadora y tradicional árabe beduina en el sur de Israel. Los objetivos fueron: (1) examinar la tasa de abuso sexual; (2) examinar la tasa de abuso físico y psicológico; y (3) desarrollar modelos de regresión para predecir estas formas de abuso.

Métodos

Se distribuyó una encuesta auto-administrada que medía características demográficas y abuso psicológico en 217 estudiantes de bachillerato femeninas (de 14 a 18 años). El abuso físico y sexual fue medido con la Escala de Finkelhor (1979).

Resultados

Sesenta y nueve por ciento de los participantes (n = 149) reportaron no haber tenido experiencias de abuso sexual, 16% reportaron una o dos experiencias, 11% reportaron tres o cuatro, y 4% reportó más de cuatro. La mayoría de los participantes indicaron que habían sido físicamente abusados por lo menos una vez por su padre (37.1%), la madre (43.7%), o hermanos (44%) durante el mes anterior. Más del 50% de los participantes reportaron ser abusados psicológicamente por miembros de sus familias inmediatas. La edad y proximidad de la madre predecían significativamente el abuso físico; y la satisfacción marital y la edad de la madre predecían significativamente el abuso psicológico.

Conclusión

Este estudio enfoca un tema que nunca ha sido completamente investigado – el tema del maltrato de las mujeres en una comunidad tribal árabe conservadora. A pesar de que este fue un estudio exploratorio, los resultados confirman que el abuso femenino es un serio problema social en esta comunidad, y que la tasa de abuso excede la de otros grupos palestinos. Estos hallazgos demuestran una necesidad inmediata de intervención profesional y prevención para enfrentar este problema.

Introduction

Although awareness of the problem of child abuse originated in the United States (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegmueller, & Silver, 1962), scholarly and public awareness of the problem has now spread to many other countries in which earlier denials have given way to genuine concern (Korbin, 2002). However, to date, there has been relatively little research in this area that takes cultural variables into account (Cicchetti & Toth, 1995). In particular, scant research has been published on child abuse in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Consequently, studies of this topic continue to be focused primarily on Western cultures. The goal of the current study is to bridge the cultural gap with the efforts of Haj-Yahia (2000), Shalhoub-Kevorkian (1999a), Dwairy (1997), Abu Baker and Dwairy (2003), and others in the Middle East by investigating the abuse experienced by female adolescents in a traditionally, tribal, and patriarchal Bedouin-Arab community in the Negev region of Israel. In this community, the issues of sexuality and sexual abuse are highly volatile, unspoken topics, and the few existing reports only represent the most flagrant, extreme cases, which fail to capture the true scope of this social problem.

Section snippets

Literature review

The following literature review will highlight some of the risk categories (e.g., political oppression, the effects of urbanization, the marginal status of Bedouin women, the traditions of polygamy and sexual shame, the importance of family honor) that together predict a greater likelihood of interpersonal violence, child abuse, and victimization of women in this community. These characteristics have been investigated previously (Abou-Zeid, 1966, Abu-Rabia, 2001, Bailey, 2000, Ben David, 1995;

Participants

A sample of 217 high-school girls aged 14–18 years (M = 16.00, SD = 1.19) completed self-administered surveys. Participants indicated that they had between 1 and 14 brothers and sisters. The average family size consisted of 9 people (SD = 4.35), with a range of 1–23 (the large family size is attributed to polygamous marital structural). The majority of participants indicated that their parents had either elementary school (fathers = 33%, mothers = 24%) or no school (fathers = 23%, mothers = 50%). In

Sexual abuse

The type and the nature of the sexual abuse are presented in Table 1. Of the sample, 53.3% had experienced at least one type of sexual abuse. The most frequent sexual experience relates to invitation or sexual request (16%), followed by another individual exposing his/her sexual organs to the participants (14%), and another individual fondling the participant (13%). Sex with (i.e., intercourse) and without penetration, the participant being forced to show her sexual organs, and the participant

Sexual abuse

The intent of the current study was to examine the prevalence and scope of maltreatment (sexual, physical, and psychological) of female adolescents in the Bedouin-Arab community of Israel. The present study provides evidence that victimization of female adolescents represents a serious social issue within the Bedouin community. The results demonstrate that a high proportion of Bedouin female adolescents are at a high risk of being sexually abused, and the perpetrators were more likely to be

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