Short communicationPearl shaped highly sensitive Mn3O4 nanocomposite interface for biosensor applications
Introduction
The growing demand for fish in the international market has risen considerably in the last decade as large section of human populations living depend on fish industry (Pulvenis et al., 2010). Fish meat freshness is of great importance to food industries for the quality control of fish products. Therefore efforts are going on for estimation of fish freshness by detection of xanthine whose concentrations keep on increasing after the death of fish as a result of metabolic functions. Moreover, xanthine being precursor of uric acid in human body has a clinical significance for kidney related diseases (Berry and Hare, 2003). Thus an efficient device for xanthine detection and quantification is required immediately for clinical analysis as well as fish freshness determination in industry. Xanthine oxidase (XOx) has been implicated as a key oxidative enzyme by electrochemists for estimation of xanthine (Shan et al., 2009a, Shan et al., 2009b). In this regard, electrochemical detection of xanthine based on nanostructures has been quite successfully reported in literatures (Zhang et al., 2012). Electrochemical sensing has been widely acknowledged as an affordable, rapid, stable, simple and practical technique for a potential miniaturization of devices (Reza et al., 2014, Ali et al., 2014).
In this context, immobilization of xanthine oxidase onto a desired matrix including nanostructured metal oxide (Reza et al., 2013) is considered very important for their high electron mobility, larger surface area for absorption, low detection limit and chemically stable. Apart from that, nano-structured manganese oxide (Mn3O4) has shown excellent properties like efficient catalytic activity, high carrier mobility, good biocompatibility, chemical stability and excellent electrochemical properties (Gao et al., 2011). Chitosan (Cn) is a natural cationic biopolymer that has attracted much interest owing to its interesting properties such as inexpensive, stable thin film formation ability and excellent compatibility with biomolecules (Liu et al., 2006). Further, the presence of amino and hydroxyl groups in Cn facilitates in immobilization of enzymes for biosensor application.
Moreover, Cn metal oxide composites are being explored extensively for its excellent sensitivity, high absorption ability, strong enzyme affinity and good stability of the electrodes for clinical investigation of analytes (Kaushik et al., 2009). A very little work based on these materials has been reported in the literature for xanthine sensing (Devi et al., 2012a, Devi et al., 2012b). A combination of Cn and an excellent electrode material like Mn3O4 is yet to be attempted for xanthine sensing. We report a fish freshness electrochemical biosensor based on XOx which was immobilized onto the electrophoretically deposited nanocomposite electrode.
Section snippets
Reagents and apparatus
All chemicals of analytical grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. Mn3O4 and its composite have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rikagu), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, Tecnai G20-stwin), scanning electron microscope (SEM, LEO-440), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, PerkinElmer). Electrochemial experiments have been conducted on an Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat (Eco Chemie, Netherlands) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS)
Characterization of biosensor
HRTEM images [Fig. 1(i) and (ii)] show the presence of Mn3O4 nanoparticles. The image shows agglomeration due to inter-particle interactions among the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle size range is about 15–20 nm. The inset images of Fig. 1(i) reveal the crystalline nature of the Mn3O4 nanoparticles with lattice fringes corresponding to the (211) and (103) planes (JCPDS file 24-0734) respectively. The ‘d’ values of lattice fringes belonging to (211) and (103) planes are 0.250 nm and 0.277 nm,
Conclusions
It has been demonstrated that Mn3O4–Cn nanocomposite has been used successfully for xanthine detection by the electrochemical method. This nanocomposite film provides a better matrix with improved sensitivity of 1.46 μA µM−1 cm−2, longer stabilty of 60 days and faster electrochemical response (15 s) towards the xanthine detection. This biosensor exhibits lower Km value 0.018 μM with linear regression at 0.994 and wide linear range of 1–500 μM. The enhanced electrochemical parameters of the fabricated
Acknowledgments
We thank Director, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India for providing the facilities. K. Kamil reza thanks Prof. B.D. Malhotra, Dr. V.V. Agrawal and Dr. G. Sumana for their constant guide and support. Thanks are due to all lab members for their well wishes. The financial support received under Department of Science and Technology projects (GAP-081132) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Advances in xanthine biosensors and sensors: A review
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Xanthine oxidase functionalized Ta<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> nanostructures as a novel scaffold for highly sensitive SPR based fiber optic xanthine sensor
2018, Biosensors and BioelectronicsCitation Excerpt :A multitude of experimental techniques and analytical procedures have been reported in the literature for xanthine detection in various biological fluids and commercial foodstuffs. Methods making use of chromatography (Burdett et al., 2013), amperometry (Villalonga et al., 2007, 2011; Kalimuthu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012), voltammetry (Amiri-Aref et al., 2014; Zou et al., 2014), electrochemical techniques (Pei and Li, 2000; Reza et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Lavanya et al., 2016), colorimetry (Wang et al., 2011; Pu et al., 2015), capillary electrophoresis (Caussé et al., 2007; Mu et al., 2012), centri-voltammetry (Anik and Çevik, 2011) and fluorescence (Salinas-Castillo et al., 2008) have been developed in this regard. Albeit providing a low detection limit, these methods suffer from several limitations such as fastidious and complicated sample preparation, usage of large quantities of chemicals, prolonged analysis duration, requirement of skilled personnel and involvement of expensive materials for fabrication.
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Department of Physics, The LNM Institute of Information Technology Jaipur 302031, India.