Comparative culturing of Pleurotus spp. on coffee pulp and wheat straw: biomass production and substrate biodegradation

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.019

Bioresource Technology

Volume 96, Issue 5, March 2005, Pages 537-544

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.019 Get rights and content

Abstract

The results of the cultivation of six strains of Pleurotus (P. djamor (2), P. ostreatus (2) and P. pulmonarius (2)) on coffee pulp and wheat straw are presented. Metabolic activity associated with biomass of each strain was determined, as well as changes in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), phenolic and caffeine contents in substrate samples colonized for a period of up to 36 days. Analysis were made of changes during the mycelium incubation period (16 days) and throughout different stages of fructification. Greater metabolic activity was observed in the wheat straw samples, with a significant increase between 4 and 12 days of incubation. The degradation of polysaccharide compounds was associated with the fruiting stage, while the reduction in phenolic contents was detected in both substrates samples during the first eight days of incubation. A decrease was observed in caffeine content of the coffee pulp samples during fruiting stage, which could mean that some caffeine accumulates in the fruiting bodies.

Introduction

Coffee pulp, one of the principal byproducts of wet-processed coffee (Coffea arabica L.), which constitutes almost 40% of the wet weight of the coffee berry, is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and appreciable quantities of tannins, caffeine and potassium (Bresanni, 1979). Approximately 100,000 tons of coffee pulp are generated each year in Mexico, and the majority of this waste has no further economic use; instead, coffee growers generally spread it in the field where it is allowed to decompose.

Diverse technologies have been proposed for utilizing the byproducts generated by the coffee industry (Pandey et al., 2000). Culturing edible mushrooms on coffee pulp seems especially attractive, since it represents a direct conversion of an agricultural waste to human food. Among edible mushrooms evaluated for this commercial activity, Pleurotus strains appear promising, primarily because their biological efficiencies can exceed 100% (wet base) (Martínez-Carrera et al., 1985; Martínez-Carrera, 1989).

In the present study, two strains each of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus djamor were cultured on coffee pulp and wheat straw. The purpose was to characterize differences in biomass production by the vegetative stage and fruiting bodies production of the strains, as well as changes in lignin and polysaccharide contents (cellulose and hemicellulose) of the substrates attributable to differential use by strains. The degradation of toxic components, particularly phenols and caffeine, was also studied. The practical goal of this investigation was to identify possible advantages for substituting the commercially popular wheat straw substrate with the agroindustrial waste, coffee pulp. In addition, this study permitted the identification of those strains most capable of developing in coffee pulp. This research is part of a series of investigations that are focused on optimizing the use of coffee pulp as a medium for mushroom cultures.

Section snippets

Strains

The following six strains of Pleurotus were studied: IE-38 and IE-49 of P. ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm and IE-137 of P. pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. were obtained from commercial strains available in Europe and Asia; IE-121 of P. djamor (Fr.) Boedjin was isolated from a wild specimen in Mexico and finally, IE-218 of P. djamor and IE-225 of P. pulmonarius were obtained from genetic crosses of monosporic cultures in our laboratory. All cultures were deposited in the culture collection of the Instituto

Results and discussion

Metabolic activities for the six Pleurotus strains on coffee pulp and wheat straw substrates are shown in Fig. 1. No activity was detected for the control samples at any time, whereas metabolic activity was recorded for colonized samples of both substrates starting at the fourth day of incubation.

Statistically significant increases in metabolic activity on wheat straw samples were observed for all strains between S2 and S3, and between S3 and S4. Strains IE-121, and IE-218 attained their

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Ms. C. Rosa Elena Caballero and Ms. C. Aracelly Vega, from Universidad de Chiriqui (Panama), and Dr. Jean-Michel Savoie, from INRA (France), for their collaboration in caffeine and metabolic activities techniques. This work was supported in part with financial assistance from CONACYT (project no. 28530-N).

References (28)

J.D. Box
Investigation of the Folin Ciocalteu reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters
Water Res.
(1983)
N. Chalaux et al.
A practical enzymatic method to estimate wheat straw quality as a raw material for mushroom cultivation
Biores. Technol.
(1995)
Y. Inbar et al.
Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in sphagnum peat container media for predicting suppressiveness to damping-off caused by Phythium ultimum
Soil Biochem.
(1991)
A. Pandey et al.
Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk bioprocesses
Biochem. Eng. J.
(2000)
J.M. Savoie
Changes in enzyme activities during early growth of the edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, en compost
Mycol. Res.
(1998)
R. Bresanni
Factores antifisiológicos de la pulpa de café
L.G. Elías
Composición química de la pulpa de café y otros subproductos
L. Fan et al.
Cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms on Brazilian coffee husk and effects of caffeine and tannic acid
Micol. Apl. Int.
(2003)
T.R. Fermor et al.
Microbiology factor contributing to selectivity and nutritional quality of mushroom compost
Gaitán-Hernández, R., Salmones, D., Pérez-Merlo, R., Mata, G., 2002. Manual Práctico del Cultivo de Setas. Instituto de...

D. Geetha et al.

Enzyme and sporophore production potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

Mushroom Res.

(1998)

P.M. Labuschange et al.

Influence of wheat cultivars on straw quality and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation

Biores. Technol.

(2000)

F. Leifa et al.

Production of mushrooms on Brazilian coffee industry residues

D. Martínez-Carrera

Simple technology to cultivates Pleurotus on coffee pulp

Mush. J. Tropics

(1989)

Cited by (102)

Effects of initial corncob particle size on the short-term composting for preparation of cultivation substrates for Pleurotus ostreatus
2024, Environmental Research
The short-term composting based on corncob for preparing Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation medium originated from agricultural production practices and so lacked systematic investigation. In this study, the influences of a Dafen (15 mm, DFT) and Xiaofen (5 mm, XFT) initial particle size (IPS) of corncob on the microbial succession and compost quality were examined. Results demonstrated that XFT compost was better suited for mushroom cultivation due to its high biological efficiency of 70 % and the absence of contamination. The composting microbes differed significantly between the DFT and XFT composts. During composting, the genera of Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Streptomyces, and Paenibacillus were majorly found in the DFT compost, while Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Puccinia, Bacteroides, and Bacillus genera dominated the XFT compost. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that throughout the thermophilic phase, XFT compost had much greater relative abundances of sequences relevant to energy, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism than DFT compost. Analysis of network correlations and Mantel tests indicated that IPS reduction could increase microbial interactions. Overall, adjusting the IPS of corncob to 5 mm increased microbial interactions, improved compost quality, and thereby boosted the P. ostreatus yield. These findings will be pertinent in optimizing the composting process of cultivation medium for P. ostreatus.
Enzymes from basidiomycetes—peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology
2023, Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications, Second Edition
Basidiomycetes are a fascinating group of fungi given their exceptional adjustment abilities to accommodate themselves to detrimental conditions of the environment where they constantly act as natural lignocellulose destroyers. Basidiomycetes possess two types of extracellular enzymatic systems necessary to degrade the vegetal biomass: (1) a hydrolytic system responsible for polysaccharide degradation, consisting mainly of xylanases and cellulases, and (2) a unique oxidative ligninolytic system capable of degrading lignin and opening phenyl rings, which comprises mainly laccases, ligninases, and peroxidases. Recent genomic studies of basidiomycetes have provided valuable information about the various ecological groups, including white- and brown-rot fungi. The ability of basidiomycetes to degrade the complex structure of lignocellulose makes them potentially useful in exploring the lignocellulosic biomass for the production of fuel ethanol and other value-added commodity chemicals. No less important would be their potential in biodegradation and bioremediation processes, thanks to the capability of their ligninolytic system to degrade a wide range of xenobiotic compounds. In this chapter, special attention is devoted to those enzymes typically produced by basidiomycetes with high potential for biotechnological applications.
Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushroom strains on agro-industrial residues in solid-state fermentation. Part II: Effect on productivity and quality of carposomes
2022, Carbon Resources Conversion
Citation Excerpt :
Contrarily, Obodai et al. [32] revealed a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between mushroom yield and cellulose content (r 2 = 0.64), lignin content (r2 = 0.70) and fibre content (r2 = 0.71) for Pleurotus ostreatus. Salmones et al. [39] also reported that Pleurotus species and strains degenerate hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin selectively and distinctly. As mentioned formerly, the supplementation of substrates consists a nutritional enrichment of medium providing high yield production.
The potential of selected Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii wild-type and commercial strains to colonize and produce carposomes after solid-state fermentation of five substrates constituted of agro-residues namely wheat straw (WS), beech wood shavings (BWS), coffee residue (CR), barley and oats straw (BOS), rice bark (RB), supplemented with wheat bran was investigated. The effect of substrate composition on bioprocess feasibility was assessed for the different strains by quantitative (i.e., mushroom yield and Biological Efficiency-BE %) and carposome qualitative parameters (i.e., weight, size, colour, firmness). P. ostreatus strains produced carposomes earlier than P. eryngii ones. Early fruiting formation was promoted in WS for P. ostreatus strains, whereas for P. eryngii the lowest values of earliness were observed on BOS substrate. As for crop productivity, P. ostreatus strain AMRL 150 provided the highest BE (>70%) in all substrates except for RB, while P. ostreatus strain AMRL 144 achieved the highest yield and BE in BOS and BWS (75.30 and 64.26%, respectively). P. eryngii stains produced less number but heavier carposomes. The highest values of BE% for these strains were recorded on WS and BOS substrates. The BE was further correlated to growth parameters of fungal vegetative phase. As for mushroom colour, P. ostreatus were lighter than P. eryngii and BOS substrate promoted lightness in both strains. Firmer P. ostreatus mushrooms were produced at CR. No differences in the whiteness and firmness were detected among P. eryngii mushrooms and at any substrate used. The data included in this paper showed that Pleurotus mushrooms can be cultivated on low- or zero-value agro-industrial residues of great financial and environmental importance towards the production of value-added food products.
Assessment of coffee waste in formulation of substrate for oyster mushrooms Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus floridanus
2021, Future Foods
Citation Excerpt :
Thus, a relatively high concentration of phenolic content in SCGs containing substrate created a favoured condition for extracellular laccase biosynthesis due to the enhancement of laccase gene expression (Oduardo et al. 2021). This suggests the phenolic content reduction in the post-cultivation substrate is associated with greater enzymatic detoxification on coffee waste (Oduardo et al. 2021; Salmones et al. 2005). This is also in accordance with earlier studies employing Pleurotus cultivation of coffee pulp where the secretion of extracellular enzymes (including laccase and peroxidase) during the vegetative stage of Pleurotus was able to oxidatively remove phenolic compounds (Ruiz-Rodriguez et al. 2010; Valverde et al. 2015).
The present study exploits the potential of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as a supplementary substrate for cultivating Pleurotus species. Increased levels of SCG in mixed substrate resulted in retardation of mycelial growth rate in a concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, fruitification was inhibited when concentrations of SCG in the mixed substrate exceeded 30% (w/w) due to the relatively high phenolic and caffeine concentrations in SCG. Partial reductions in phenolic content and caffeine have been observed whenever SCG was present in the substrate; trace amounts of caffeine were also detected in fruiting bodies grown on all SCG-containing substrate mixtures. This finding suggests that Pleurotus spp. can reduce the levels of caffeine and phenolic compounds in SCG via bioaccumulation and biodegradation, respectively. Next, the supplementation of up to 20% (w/w) SCG did not significantly affect the proximate compositions, mineral contents, and fatty acid profiles in basidiocarps of both Pleurotus species compared to standard formulations.
Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from Cordyceps nidus ANDES-F1080 on laccase activity of Pleurotus ostreatus ANDES-F515
2020, Biotechnology Reports
Citation Excerpt :
In relation to protein content, TPC, and antioxidant capacity, a different response was obtained where extracts derived from artificial-based substrates presented higher values in comparison to BR. The TPC measured in C. nidus ANDES-F1080 extracts (3–10 mg of GAE per gram of dried mycelium or 80 mg/L to 450 mg/L) is in the same order of magnitude to those reported as inductors of laccase activity on Pleurotus spp. by other authors in the literature with values between 85 mg/L and 1400 mg/L of phenolic compounds [37–39]; however, the induction of laccase activity was not observed in our study. By contrast, these results disagree with Pezzella et al. (2013) who found a positive effect from the addition of phenolic compounds in the laccase activity; however, in that study, ferulic acid was added in the culture media as a phenolic compound but in a different concentration and its effect was only measured in the transcriptional levels of laccase genes [40].
Laccases are ligninolytic enzymes produced by different microorganisms, especially by fungi such as the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Chemical inductors have been used to promote laccase secretion due to the application of these enzymes in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Cordyceps nidus ANDES-F1080 was previously described as a source of bioactive compounds that could influence the enzymatic production system of other fungi. For that reason, this study evaluates the effect of C. nidus’ ANDES-F1080 extracts on the laccase activity of P. ostreatus ANDES-F515. To achieve this objective, C. nidus ANDES-F1080 was grown in four different substrates: two artificial-based and two natural-based culture media. Metabolites were extracted from C. nidus ANDES-F1080 using water and methanol as solvents. Biochemical characterization of these extracts was performed to complement the analysis of their effect on laccase activity. Our results revealed an enhancement on the laccase activity of P. ostreatus ANDES-F515 grown in natural-based cultures when C. nidus’ ANDES-F1080 extracts were supplemented. The best laccase activities registered values around 10,575 ± 813 U·L⁻¹.
Pre-treatment of a sugarcane bagasse-based substrate prior to saccharification: Effect of coffee pulp and urea on laccase and cellulase activities of Pycnoporus sanguineus
2019, Journal of Environmental Management
Production of second-generation bioethanol uses lignocellulose from agricultural by-products such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB). A lignocellulose pre-treatment is required to degrade lignin, ensuring further efficient saccharification. Two experimental designs were set up to define culture conditions of Pycnoporus sanguineus in mesocosms to increase laccase activities and thus delignification. The first experimental design tested the effect of phenolic complementation (via coffee pulp) and the use of urea as a simple nitrogen source and the second defined more precisely the percentages of coffee pulp and urea to enhance delignification. The responses measured were: lignocellulolytic activities, laccase isoform profiles by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the chemical transformation of the substrate using solid-state NMR of 13C. Adding 10% of coffee pulp increased laccase activities and fungal biomass (32.5% and 16% respectively), enhanced two constitutive isoforms (R_f 0.23 and 0.27), induced a new isoform (R_f 0.19) and led to a decrease in total aromatics. However, higher concentrations of coffee pulp (25%) decreased laccase and cellulase activities but no decrease in aromaticity was observed, potentially due to the toxic effect of phenols from coffee pulp. Moreover, laccase production was still inhibited even for lower concentrations of urea (0–5%). Our findings revealed that an agricultural by-product like coffee pulp can enhance laccase activity -though to a threshold- and that urea limited this process, indicating that other N-sources should be tested for the biological delignification of SCB.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Article preview

Bioresource Technology

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Strains

Results and discussion

Acknowledgments

References (28)

Investigation of the Folin Ciocalteu reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters

Water Res.

A practical enzymatic method to estimate wheat straw quality as a raw material for mushroom cultivation

Biores. Technol.

Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in sphagnum peat container media for predicting suppressiveness to damping-off caused by Phythium ultimum

Soil Biochem.

Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk bioprocesses

Biochem. Eng. J.

Changes in enzyme activities during early growth of the edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, en compost

Mycol. Res.

Factores antifisiológicos de la pulpa de café

Composición química de la pulpa de café y otros subproductos

Cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms on Brazilian coffee husk and effects of caffeine and tannic acid

Micol. Apl. Int.

Microbiology factor contributing to selectivity and nutritional quality of mushroom compost

Enzyme and sporophore production potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

Mushroom Res.

Influence of wheat cultivars on straw quality and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation

Biores. Technol.

Production of mushrooms on Brazilian coffee industry residues

Simple technology to cultivates Pleurotus on coffee pulp

Mush. J. Tropics

Cited by (102)

Effects of initial corncob particle size on the short-term composting for preparation of cultivation substrates for Pleurotus ostreatus

Enzymes from basidiomycetes—peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology

Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushroom strains on agro-industrial residues in solid-state fermentation. Part II: Effect on productivity and quality of carposomes

Assessment of coffee waste in formulation of substrate for oyster mushrooms Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus floridanus

Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from Cordyceps nidus ANDES-F1080 on laccase activity of Pleurotus ostreatus ANDES-F515

Pre-treatment of a sugarcane bagasse-based substrate prior to saccharification: Effect of coffee pulp and urea on laccase and cellulase activities of Pycnoporus sanguineus