Source identification of ambient PM2.5 for inhalation exposure studies in Steubenville, Ohio using highly time-resolved measurements
Highlights
► Information on potential emission sources impacting Steubenville, Ohio was obtained. ► PMF results indicated that six major factors contributed to the ambient PM2.5 mass. ► These results are being utilized for animal inhalation toxicology field studies.
Introduction
The Ohio River Valley is characterized by numerous coal-fired power plants and other industrial facilities, and these sources are known to be significant contributors to ambient air pollution in the Eastern US (Kim et al., 2007, Pekney et al., 2006). In particular, the Steubenville, Ohio/Weirton, West Virginia area contains several large point sources, including coal-fired power plants, steel mills, coke facilities, metal processing operations, metal coating facilities, metal can industries, and tar production facilities and has been continuously designated as a PM2.5 non-attainment area by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for violations of both 1997 and 2006 National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Furthermore, Steubenville’s air quality has been part of several historic epidemiological studies including the Harvard Six Cities and the American Cancer Society studies and has been consistently associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality (Krewski et al., 2003, Laden et al., 2000, Pope et al., 1995, Dockery et al., 1993, Schwartz and Dockery, 1992). More recently, health studies have reported that ambient PM2.5 mass and sulfate concentrations in Steubenville were associated with altered autonomic function (e.g., reduced heart rate variability (HRV)) (Luttmann-Gibson et al., 2006) and that ambient sulfate and ozone levels in the same location were associated with arrhythmia (Sarnat et al., 2006).
The intent of the overall Bi-City Concentrated Ambient Particle Study, which was conducted in Detroit, Michigan and Steubenville, Ohio, was to collect highly time-resolved exposure and outcome data on animals exposed to concentrated ambient PM at these two locations. Specifically, we collected HRV data; HRV varies with cardiac autonomic function, and reduced HRV is a widely-used clinical prognostic marker of increased risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) effects (Tsuji et al., 1996). In animal studies, HRV data are typically collected using telemetric methods and continuous recordings. However the value of these highly time-resolved measurements is lost when evaluating associations with PM metrics that are typically averaged over 8-24 h. To provide a more analogous dataset that can be better matched with CV responses, a more highly time-resolved sampling method is needed to characterize trace elements; the resulting data can then be used to determine possible associations between elements and CV responses. Moreover, taken together with real-time meteorological data, the elemental data can be utilized in factor analytical or other receptor models to determine potential emission sources. This approach may help identify the sources and components of ambient PM2.5 that are linked with adverse health effects.
During our animal inhalation exposure studies, the semi-continuous aerosol sampler (SEAS) was used to measure highly time-resolved ambient PM2.5 trace elements and subsequently to determine potential sources. The development and use of the SEAS has been described in detail (Pancrasa et al., 2006, Ogulei et al., 2006, Kidwell and Ondov, 2004). Trace elements are particularly useful constituents of ambient PM as they can serve as tracers for specific emission sources, and some do not transform significantly in the atmosphere (Henry, 1997). Moreover, numerous recent studies have reported that metals in PM derived from combustion sources may be closely associated with the adverse health impacts of ambient PM2.5 (Cavallari et al., 2008, Hirshon et al., 2008, Lippmann et al., 2006, Gavett et al., 2003), making semi-continuous monitoring of trace elements particularly important to our understanding of component-specific and source-specific morbidity and mortality.
In the present study, highly-time resolved fine PM samples were collected as part of the Bi-City Concentrated Ambient Particle Study to assess health effects of ambient PM2.5 in regions dominated by different sources. Detroit, MI and Steubenville, OH were selected in order to capture PM dominated by mobile/industrial sources and coal-fired power plant/industrial sources, respectively. Exposure and cardiac function results for Detroit are described by Morishita et al. (2011) and Rohr et al. (in press), respectively. At both locations, associations between heart rate (HR) and HRV and the chemical and elemental composition of ambient PM2.5 were determined. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling was used along with detailed meteorological analysis and particle morphological analysis to estimate the contribution of emission sources to the measured PM. In this paper we report the chemical composition of ambient PM2.5 and its potential emission sources in Steubenville and evaluate the PMF modeling results using observed meteorological data. A subsequent related report will describe the cardiac function findings.
Section snippets
Site description
AirCARE1, a 53-foot mobile air research laboratory was designed and constructed by Michigan State University and the University of Michigan; its construction and capabilities are described in detail elsewhere (Harkema et al., 2004). AirCARE1 was stationed in Steubenville, OH on the campus of Franciscan University (40.379N, 80.620W) overlooking the Ohio River. This monitoring site was selected because of its proximity to numerous anthropogenic air pollution sources in the Ohio River Valley.
Air pollution during the Steubenville summer study
The mean ± standard deviation of ambient PM2.5 mass concentration measured by TEOM during the 13-day exposure period was 25 ± 15 μg m−3 (Table 1). Another recent study in the Steubenville region – the Steubenville Comprehensive Air Monitoring Program (SCAMP) – reported that from 2000 through 2002 the average PM2.5 concentration measured in Steubenville was 18.4 μg m−3. However, since the current study was conducted only during the daylight hours of 13 summer days, the average concentration cannot be
Conclusions
Utilizing highly time-resolved elemental concentration data and receptor modeling, along with source directionality analysis, six factors for the ambient PM2.5 observed in Steubenville were identified and the contributions from each factor were determined. Primary sources included (1) coal combustion/secondary, (2) mobile sources, (3) metal coating/processing, (4) iron and steel manufacturing, (5) Pb factor, and (6) incineration/smelting. The identified factors contributing the most mass to
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Electric Power Research Institute (Contract EP-P10983/C5530/56546) and the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (DE-FC26-03NT42303). However, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of DOE-NETL. The authors would like to thank James Barres, Lori Bramble, Tim Dvonch, Lynne Gratz, Ryan Lewandowski, Frank Marsik, and Emily White for their
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