Mammogram image visual enhancement, mass segmentation and classification
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer originates from breast tissues, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk, breast cancer occurs in humans and other mammals. The overwhelming majority of human cases occur in women. Mammograms are effective for breast cancer screening and early detection of masses or abnormalities. Masses and calcifications are the most common abnormalities that indicate breast cancer [30]. According to radiologists, a mass screened on a mammogram can be either benign or malignant depending on its shape. Benign tumors usually have round or oval shapes, whilst malignant tumors have a partially rounded shape with a spiked or irregular outline. Noncancerous or benign tumors include cysts, fibro adenomas, and breast hematomas. A cancerous or malignant tumor in the breast is a mass of breast tissue that grows in an abnormal and uncontrolled way. Normally, malignant masses appear brighter than any tissue surrounding it [30]. Successful diagnosis in mammography depends on detecting cancer in its earliest and most treatable stage. However, as mammogram images are subject to noise and distortion, computer aided detection (CAD) techniques are used to assist radiologists in the early detection of cancer, by enhancing those images and providing in-depth analysis of visual details in mammogram images.
Mammogram image segmentation mutually partition homogeneous regions into meaningful regions of interest. The segmentation algorithms can be categorized into two distinct categories according to the regions to be segmented, i.e., breast region segmentation and region of interest (ROI) segmentation. The former is the process of splitting the mammogram image into a breast region and a background, in order to limit the search for abnormalities on the breast region without the effect of the background on the results. The latter is the process of segmenting the suspicious regions to be analyzed for abnormalities. Furthermore, ROI segmentation can be classified into other groups, such as: segmentation using a single view and segmentation using multiple views.
Many mammogram image enhancement and segmentation techniques were proposed in literature. However, the majority of the proposed techniques share the common steps of image enhancement, segmentation, quantification, registration, and visualization. Those techniques can be differentiated by the varying algorithms employed at each step. One of the challenges faced by current mammogram image detection techniques lies in the difficulty of analyzing dense tissues. This difficulty can be attributed to the breast region which appears white in the mammogram images making masses and specifically micro-calcification highly invisible intermixed with the background tissue. Moreover, literature reveals that those approaches are designed for single view mammograms, and propose either an enhancement or a segmentation method. In this work, the proposed mammogram enhancement and segmentation algorithms are designed for mammograms taken from different views, which include: medio-lateral oblique (MLO) view and cranio-caudal view (CC).
In order to support radiologists in the detection of abnormalities, image enhancement is applied on mammogram images to increase their contrast and decrease the noise present. For this reason, this research investigates the use of different combination of conventional and feature-based contrast enhancement and noise reduction algorithms in order to enhance the visual details for radiologists and facilitate the masses segmentation process.
Moreover, in this research, a semi-automated mammogram analysis research tool is built to aid radiologists in analyzing breast regions and in detecting cancerous masses. With the help of this research, the radiologist can effectively segment the breast region and enhance its visual quality appropriately in order to clarify any abnormalities. Following the enhancement step, suspicious regions are segmented and sent to a mass classifying method to classify masses into all possible benign or malignant cases.
In addition to the introduction provided in Section 1, Section 2 provides a literature study on mammogram image enhancement and segmentation techniques, in depth information of the provided literature can be found on the authors work in [5]. Section 3 provides the proposed algorithms for enhancement and segmentation processes. Section 4 provides the experimental results and analysis. Finally Section 5 concludes this work with an insight to future work.
Section snippets
Related work
Mammogram enhancement methods are used to enhance details and reduce noise and other artifacts in X-ray images, in order to facilitate the radiologist's visual interpretation of the detection of abnormalities. Several methods are used to manipulate mammogram images, and can be categorized into four main groups; conventional enhancement techniques, region-based enhancement techniques, feature-based enhancement techniques, and fuzzy enhancement techniques. Conventional enhancing techniques appear
Proposed mammogram analysis (enhancement and segmentation) techniques
In this work, the proposed mammogram enhancement and segmentation algorithms are designed for mammograms taken from different views, which include: medio-lateral oblique (MLO) view and the cranio-caudal view (CC). The proposed mammogram analysis algorithm consists of five stages described as follows:
Stage 1: In the first stage of the proposed analysis algorithm (as shown in Fig. 1), breast region segmentation is applied and it consists of three phases: in the first phase, borders, labels, and
Experiments and results
The mammogram image dataset used in this research is collected from both the King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) and Jordan Hospital (JH) with a total of 1317 images. The data collected from the Jordan Hospital contained a total of 792 images as follows: 109 normal cases (cancer free), 68 benign cases, and 21 malignant cases. Each case contains two mammographic views for each breast with a resolution of 768 × 942, 452 normal mammogram images, 236 benign mammogram images that contain
Conclusion
Depending on its shape, a mass screened on a mammogram can be either benign or malignant. Usually benign tumors have round or oval shapes, while malignant tumors have a partially rounded shape with a spiked or irregular outline. Noncancerous or benign tumors include cysts, fibro adenomas, and breast hematomas. Radiologist's decisions are often challenged by the quality of mammogram images and their ability to classify different types/sizes of masses that appear in mammograms. In this research,
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the radiology departments at Jordan Hospital (JH) and King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) for providing us with the required data. Special thanks to Dr. Shoman Dr. Harara, and Dr. Mereb from Jordan Hospital, Mr. Nael Al-Shishani and Ms. Lina Bassam from King Hussein Cancer Center for their assistance, evaluation, and feedback.
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