Impact of dietary fat sources and feeding level on adipose tissue fatty acids composition and lipid metabolism related gene expression in finisher pigs
Introduction
With the growing concern over the relationship between diet and health, there is an increase in emphasis on modification of fat and fatty acids composition of pork and other edible animal products. Therefore, the pork industry strives for efficient production of increasingly leaner pigs with greater concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pork. It is well established that feeding pattern and dietary fat sources affects the performance and tissue fatty acids composition (Apple et al., 2009, Daza et al., 2003, Więcek et al., 2010). It has been reported that the fatty acids composition of pork are influenced to a greater extent by the composition of dietary fat than the quantity of feed consumed (Gatlin et al., 2002, Więcek and Skomiał, 2004, Browne et al., 2013). Also, previous studies have reported that inclusion of vegetable oils to the diets of growing–finishing pigs increase the proportion of PUFA in adipose tissue (Rey et al., 2004, Apple et al., 2009, Więcek et al., 2010). On the other hand, restricted feeding may affect the relationship between intake of fatty acids and their level in individual tissues (Więcek and Skomiał, 2004, Daza et al., 2003). Wood (1984) reported that tissue PUFA concentrations were increased in pigs when fat deposition was reduced by restricted feeding as compared to ad libitum intake.
Several enzymes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) are involved in adipose tissue fat metabolism and expression of genes related to these enzymes are affected by type of diet and dietary compositions (Duran-Montge et al., 2009, Zhao et al., 2010, Tous et al., 2012). Therefore, objectives of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary fat sources and feeding level on performance, adipose tissue fatty acids profile and lipid metabolism related genes expression in adipose tissue of finisher pigs.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The protocols for this experiment were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. The experiment was conducted at the facility of Kangwon National University farm and finisher pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were housed in partially slatted and concrete floor pens with a pen size of 2.80 m × 5.00 m. All pens were equipped with a nipple drinker to allow ad libitum access to water.
Fatty acid composition of diets
As compared to diet supplemented with 50.5 g/kg animal fat, diet supplemented with 50.0 g/kg linseed oil was characterized by a high content of PUFA's (Table 2) including linoleic acid (28.47 vs 12.28), α-Linolenic acid (13.89 vs 3.87), n-6 PUFA (28.58 vs 12.63) and n-3 PUFA (14.53 vs 4.42). Diet supplemented with 50.5 g/kg animal fat had greater concentrations of SFA's including myristic acid (1.28 vs 0.372), palmitic acid (17.38 vs 12.08) and stearic acid (12.79 vs 6.78) than that of diets diet
Discussion
In the present study, inclusion of 50.0 g/kg linseed oil or animal fat in diet of finishing pigs did not affect growth performance. The present findings are in good agreement with data reported by Apple et al. (2009), who observed no effects of fat source of diet on ADG, ADFI, or G:F of finishing pigs. Majority of the previous studies also concurs with the present results that dietary fat sources have no effects on the growth performance of pigs (Engel et al., 2001, Glaser et al., 2002, Eggert
Conclusions
Results obtained in the present study indicates that dietary inclusion of 50.0 g/kg linseed oil have potential to improve the adipose tissue PUFA contents, and 15.0% feed restriction resulted into down-regulation of ACC and FAS and up-regulation of LPS and HSL expression in adipose tissue of finisher pigs.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by 2013 Research Grant (No. 120131309) of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea and Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. 0093462014)" Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
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These authors contributed equally to this work and should consider as co-first authors.