Multivariate statistics coupled to generalized linear models reveal complex use of chemical cues by a parasitoid
Section snippets
Plants and Insects
Medicago sativa seeds (Herbiseed, Twyford, U.K.) were germinated on damp filter paper. When the cotyledons started expanding, they were transplanted to plastic pots (8 × 8 cm) filled with garden compost and placed in a greenhouse at 18:6 h light:dark (LD) and 21 ± 2 °C. Vicia faba (variety Hangdown Grunkernig, Svalöf Weibull, Svalöf, Sweden) seeds were sown individually in plastic pots (8 × 8 cm) with compost and placed in the greenhouse.
Acyrthosiphon pisum colonies were started from approximately 50
Aphid-induced Volatiles
The total amount of volatiles produced did not differ between AD and UD plants in M. sativa (treatment effect: F1,17 = 2.93, P = 0.105; date: F9,17 = 0.71, P = 0.697; date*plant pair: F8,17 = 1.27, P = 0.322) or in V. faba (treatment effect: F1,20 = 1.20, P = 0.287; date: F11,20 = 15.30, P < 0.001; date*plant pair: F9,20 = 1.32, P = 0.289).
The volatile blend of M. sativa did not differ significantly between UD and AD plants when analysed by compositional analysis (Wilk's λ = 8.21 × 10−2, approximate F17,1 = 0.66, P = 0.766).
Discussion
We have presented an analysis that directly links behavioural cues to which foraging insects were exposed with the insects' response in a simplified environment (olfactometer). When the mean response was tested, A. ervi responded significantly to volatiles from V. faba but not M. sativa. The response to V. faba is in accordance with previous studies showing the attraction of this parasitoid to A. pisum-damaged plants (Guerrieri et al., 1993, Guerrieri et al., 1999, Du et al., 1996). Previous
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to M. Torrance (Rothamsted Research) for providing A. ervi, to G. Piaggio for statistical advice and comments on the manuscript and to two anonymous referees for very helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported financially by Carl Tryggers Foundation for Scientific Research, the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas) and Mistra through the PlantComMistra program. Rothamsted Research receives grant-aided
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A. Mohib, M. A. Birkett and S. Dufour are at the Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, U.K.