ReviewRegulators of oxidative stress response genes in Escherichia coli and their functional conservation in bacteria
Highlights
► Major oxidative stress regulators in Escherichia coli are OxyR, SoxRS, and RpoS. ► OxyR and SoxRS regulons are expressed after activation of regulators by ROS. ► Functional conservation of OxyR is evident from Proteobacteria to Actinobacteria. ► SoxRS and RpoS are functionally conserved in Proteobacteria. ► Other oxidative stress regulators include Fur, NorR, and IscR.
Section snippets
Oxidative stress in bacteria
Bacteria, under aerobic conditions, experience oxidative stress through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)1 that can damage several cellular sites, including iron-sulfur clusters, cysteine and methionine protein residues, and DNA [1], [2]. ROS are an inevitable by-product of oxygen exposure and utilization. For example, superoxide
OxyR, principal regulator for hydrogen peroxide detoxification
OxyR, a 34 kDa protein that forms a homotetramer [8], is a homolog of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators in E. coli [9], [10], and characteristic of this protein family [11], OxyR negatively regulates expression from its encoding gene, oxyR, and positively regulates an adjacent small RNA gene, oxyS [12]. OxyR controls a regulon of almost 40 genes, which protect the cell from hydrogen peroxide toxicity (Table 1). Consequently, oxyR mutants are hypersensitive to H2O2, and constitutive
Concluding remarks
Oxidative stress responses coordinated by specific regulators ensure bacterial survival during episodic exposure to exogenous ROS or to ROS generated as a consequence of normal respiration. Oxidative stress regulators, such as OxyR and RpoS, can modulate expression of one another and, in some circumstances, control expression of the same regulon members. OxyR, present in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, is likely of an earlier evolutionary origin than SoxRS and RpoS, which are
Acknowledgments
We thank T. Dong for critical review of this manuscript. This study was supported by a research Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to H.E.S. S.M.C. was partially supported by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship.
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