9 - Genomics of Trichoderma

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Trichoderma

Fungal strains within the genus Trichoderma include a wide spectrum of evolutionary solutions that range from very effective soil colonizers with high biodégradation potential, to non-strict plant symbionts that colonize the rhizosphere. Some groups of biotypes within this conglomerate are able to antagonize phytopathogenic fungi by using substrate colonization, antibiosis and/or mycoparasitism as the main mechanisms. This antagonistic potential is the base for effective applications of

FUNGAL GENOMICS and TRICHODERMA GENOMICS

Fungi constitute a group of organisms of paramount importance in the study of basic biological processes, human health and commercial applications. As pointed out in the Fungal Genome Initiative White Paper (Birren et al. 2002), within fungal genomes lies the evolutionary history of the origins of many important biological processes found in higher eukaryotes. In addition, experimental tractability of fungi makes them among the most useful model systems in cell biology. Fungal cellular

GENETIC VARIABILITY

Trichoderma is a fungal genus that was described in 1794, including anamorphic fungi isolated primarily from soil and decomposing organic matter (Persoon 1794). The genera Hypocrea, Podostroma and Sarawakus, belonging to the family Hypocreaceae (Ascomycetes), have also been described as teleomorphs of Trichoderma (Rossman et al. 1999). Most of the Trichoderma species are morphologically very similar and were considered for many years as a single species, T. viride (Bisby 1939). A consolidated

FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF BIOCONTROL STRAINS

In the year 2001 a functional genomic project on antagonistic/mycoparasitic strains of Trichoderma was started to explore genetic biodiversity, with the aim to develop basic knowledge and commercial applications relatively to these fungi. The initiative is supported by the biotech company NewBioTechnic and two academic groups in Spain, and it has recently spread into a wider consortium with several EU groups. The objective is to obtain an extensive ESTs library including at least 7.000 unique

CONCLUSIONS

Genomics, the generation of massive genetic information from living organisms by systematic approaches performed on an industrial scale, can be considered as a new scientific discipline due to the sheer scale of these projects and the technical innovations required to accomplish these tasks. Genomics is also changing the basis of biological investigation leading to the fusion of several scientific research areas into a new one. To date, genomics has provided insights into the structure and

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Sheri Woo for the critical revision of the manuscript and to Santiago Gutiérrez, Rosa Hermosa, Rafael Jiménez, Fran González and Isabel Grondona for their help providing data. They also recognize the support of the EU-funded TRICHOEST project (QLRT-2001--02032) and grants FIRB 2002 and MIPAF “Risorse genetiche di organismi utili per il miglioramento di specie di interesse agrario e per un’agricoltura sostenibile” to ML, and Fundación Ramón Areces, Fundación El Monte

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