6 Nervous Control of the Heart and Cardiorespiratory Interactions

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This chapter discusses the nervous control of the heart and cardiorespiratory interactions of fish. The fish heart is composed of typical vertebrate cardiac muscle fibers. Contraction is initiated by a propagated muscle action potential that originates from a myogenic pacemaker and generates a characteristic electrocardiogram wave form. The elasmobranchs are phylogenetically the earliest group of vertebrates in which a well-developed autonomic nervous system with clearly differentiated parasympathetic and sympathetic components has been described. The aggregates of chromaffin tissue, the suprarenal bodies, are juxtaposed to the paravertebral ganglia in elasmobranchs. They represent the homologue of the more discrete adrenal medulla of mammals, birds, and reptiles and contain high concentrations of catecholamines, predominantly noradrenaline, that are released into the circulation by activity in sympathetic preganglionic fibers. The stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors can activate higher centers, such as defense areas in mammals, to evoke the defense or visceral alerting response that may culminate in fight or flight.

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