Cadherin-mediated cell–cell interactions are modulated by protein interactions at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Recent work has shown that phosphorylation of both p120ctn and β-catenin affects their interaction with cadherins and the molecular connections to the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeletal connections most probably include interactions between α-catenin, and/or α-actinin, vinculin, ZO-1, actin and possibly spectrin.