Characterisation of Benign Lesions and Carcinomas of the Female Breast in a Sub-Saharan African Population
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Cancer in the Sudan: An overview of the current status of knowledge on tumor patterns and risk factors
2012, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :Relative to breast cancer in Western Caucasians, breast cancer in the Sudan seems to be characterized by: (a) occurrence mainly in multiparous premenopausal women; (b) relatively high male breast cancer frequency; (c) large tumor size and advanced stage at diagnosis (Fig. 7); (d) high grade; (e) poor prognosis (INMO Annual Report, 2001; Khairy et al., 2005; INMO Annual Report, 2006; Awadelkarim et al., 2007; Awadelkarim et al., 2008). Many factors could contribute to these differential characteristics including: i) demographic factors (Ikpatt et al., 2002; Okobia and Bunker, 2005; Parkin et al., 2005; Adesunkanmi et al., 2006; Okobia et al., 2006); ii) lifestyle, environmental and socio-economic factors, including reproductive factors and access to medical care (Ikpatt et al., 2002; Parkin et al., 2005; Adesunkanmi et al., 2006; Okobia et al., 2006); and iii) intrinsic ethnic/genetic factors (Ijaduola and Smith, 1998; Mbonde et al., 1998; Fregene and Newman, 2005; Okobia and Bunker, 2005). Overall the features of breast cancer in the Sudan may reflect population structure and reproductive factors resulting in low postmenopausal breast cancer incidence.
An audit of patients clinically deemed as high risk for malignant breast pathology at the Helen Joseph Hospital Breast Clinic
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Address for correspondence: Martin P Mbonde, Dept. of Pathology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P O.Box 65002, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.