Prostaglandins and menstruation

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      Timing of transient and intense vasoconstriction within the endometrial arterioles is important and is observed 4–24 hours before menstruation, after progesterone withdrawal. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and endothelin-1 (ET1) are among the key endometrial factors with known vasoconstrictive properties (16, 17). In addition to the physical reduction in blood loss due to effective vasoconstriction, an induction of a hypoxic microenvironment within the endometrium as a result of the reduction in blood perfusing the endometrium is a key phenomenon to limit MBL (18).

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