Blood-brain barrier transport under different physiological and pathophysiological circumstances including ischemia

doi:10.1016/S0232-1513(11)80068-X

Experimental pathology

Volume 42, Issue 4, 1991, Pages 213-219

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0232-1513(11)80068-X Get rights and content

Summary

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of amino acids, glucose and choline was studied under different experimental conditions. The influence of the neuropeptide arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on the transport of leucine and phenylalanine was investigated after peripheral and central nervous application of the peptide and in rats with different endogenous levels of the hormone. AVP elicited changes of the kinetics of the neutral amino acid transport across the BBB accompanied by a decrease of the permeability/surface area (P_aS)-product. Also the influence of different nootropic drugs on the BBB transport was investigated under various circumstances of impaired brain function, i.e. after treatment with scopolamine or ethanol and after unilateral carotid artery occlusion. Changes of the kinetics of leucine transport and of the P_aS-product of leucine, choline and glucose were found. The results are discussed as part of complex actions of the peptides and nootropics including alterations of the cerebral hemodynamics and brain metabolism.

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Pyridostigmine bromide (PB), a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. PB has also been provided to military personnel for preexposure protection against potential soman release. The entry of PB into the brain is typically minimal, but recently published data in mice suggest that a brief forced swim stress increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier to PB. From these results, PB administered under stressful conditions was proposed to induce long-lasting central cholinergic deficits, potentially explaining the neurological and neuropsychological symptoms presented by some Gulf War veterans. In undertaking to replicate these results in the Long-Evans rat, no evidence of a stress-potentiated central effect of PB, administered at doses up 5.0 mg/kg ip, was found. Three stress protocols were used: restraint, forced swim, or a combined restraint/forced swim. Wistar rats were also tested in some of the protocols to ensure that the results were generalizable across rat strains, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured to test the effectiveness of the stressors employed. In contrast to the previously reported findings in the mouse, stress significantly reduced the entry of PB into rat brain, as measured by reduced inhibition of AChE activity: a 12.5% reduction in whole brain AChE activity after treatment with 5.0 mg/kg PB under control conditions declined to 9% after stress exposure. It is apparent, therefore, that the interaction between stress and PB requires further study, and previous data should be reassessed before they are used as a basis for interpreting symptoms presented by veterans.
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1992, Brain Research
Injection of amylin (diabetes-associated peptide) into the hypothalamus induces anorexia, increases brain metabolism of dopamine and serotonin and elevates brain level of tryptophan. When male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 50 mg/kg l-tryptophan and l-tyrosine ethyl ester 30 min prior to the intrahypothalamic injection of 2 μg amylin, brain tryptophan and tyrosine levels were selectively increased as compared to rats treated with amylin alone. Hypothalamic and striatal serotonin metabolism also appeared to be increased following the amino acid-amylin treatment combination. These results suggest that amylin may increase transport of tyrosine and tryptophan into the brain, and that the increased availability of tryptophan may contribute to increased serotonin turnover observed following intrahypothalamic amylin treatment.
Blood-brain barrier glutamine transport during normoglycemic and hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia
1999, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
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Blood-brain barrier taurine transport during osmotic stress and in focal cerebral ischemia
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View full text

Blood-brain barrier transport under different physiological and pathophysiological circumstances including ischemia

Summary

Neural Biol.

Brain Res.

Life Sci.

Brain Res.

The blood-brain barrier: An overview with special reference to insulin effects on glucose transport

Acta Neurol. Scand.

Kinetics of unidirectional leucine transport into brain: Effects of isoleucine, valine, and anoxia

Am. J. Physiol.

Ischemia reduces blood-to-brain glucose transport in the gerbil

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.

Regional cerebral glucose transport in insulin-dependent diabetic patients studied using [11C]3-O-methyl-D-glucose and positron emission tomography

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.

Changes in regional blood-brain transfer of L-leucine elicited by arginine-vasopressin

J. Neurochem.

Reversal of scopolamine-induced alterations of choline transport across the blood-brain barrier by the nootropics piracetam and pramiracetam

Drug Res.

Blood-brain barrier transport of choline and glucose and brain acetyl-cholinesterase activity after 14-day exposure to ethanol

Drug Res.

Decrease of regional blood-brain transfer of L-phenylalanine after peripheral but not central nervous administration of vasopressin

J. Neurochem.

Alterations of amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier elicited by arginine-vasopressin

Beitr. Wirkstofforsch.

Kinetics of leucine transport across the blood-brain barrier after 14-day exposure to ethanol: effects of the nootropic AWD 52-39

Drug Res.

Effect of vasopressin analogues on leucine transport across the blood-brain barrier

Kinetics of regional blood-brain barrier transport of L-leucine in Brattleboro rats

Biomed. Biochim. Acta