MarchT-cell subsetsHelper T-cell subsets in mouse leishmaniasis: induction, expansion and effector function
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Systems vaccinology for the design of rational vaccines against protozoan parasites
2022, System Vaccinology: The History, the Translational Challenges and the FutureCorrelates of GLA family adjuvants’ activities
2018, Seminars in ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :These data indicate the importance of a potent Th1 response, rather than a Th2 or suppressive microenvironment, to protection [69]. Experimental Leishmania infection of mice has both enhanced our understanding of helper T cells during an infection and allowed dissection of the Th1/Th2 paradigm [70–72]. As such, they also provide systems with which to evaluate immune biasing by adjuvants and multiparameter flow cytometry analyses of the immune responses after immunization have indicated that the degree of protection against Leishmania infection in mice largely corresponds with the frequency of CD4T cells simultaneously producing IFNγ, IL-2 and TNF [73].
Evaluation of viremia, proviral load and cytokine profile in naturally feline immunodeficiency virus infected cats treated with two different protocols of recombinant feline interferon omega
2015, Research in Veterinary ScienceCitation Excerpt :For instance, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α are pro-inflammatory cytokines strongly involved in the innate immune response, potentiating nonspecific pathways such as acute phase response (APR) or fever (Ceron et al., 2005; Paltrinieri, 2008; Tizard, 2009a). Concerning the acquired immune pathways, IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ are strongly related to the cellular immune response (Th1 subset activation) (Locksley and Scott, 1991; Pedersen et al., 1998; Tizard, 2009b; VanCott et al., 1996) while the humoral antibody response (Th2 subset) is associated with IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 production (Barnard et al., 1996; Osborne et al., 1996; Pedersen et al., 1998; Roitt and Delves, 2001; Romagnani et al., 1994). In feline medicine, particularly in FIV, several studies have been performed not only in cell cultures but also in experimentally infected cats in order to characterize the cytokine profile after infection (Dean and Pedersen, 1998; Dean et al., 1998; Kipar et al., 2004; Lawrence et al., 1995; Lerner et al., 1998; Liang et al., 2000; Linenberger and Deng, 1999; Tompkins and Tompkins, 2008; Wood et al., 2012).