Letters to the EditorMYOEDEMA AS A CLINICAL SIGN IN PARALYTIC RABIES
References (2)
- T. Hemachudha, P. Phanuphak, Rt Johnson, De Griffin, J. Ratanavongsir, W. Siriprasomsup, Neurological complications of...
- Mr Gomez
The clinical examination
Cited by (20)
Human disease
2020, Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management, Fourth EditionRabies virus transmission to humans usually occurs by an animal bite, although the bite may not be recognized, particularly with bats. This exposure is followed by an incubation period usually lasting 20–90 days, but may rarely extend for over a year. In humans, 80% of cases have an encephalitic form of disease and 20% have a paralytic form. Patients with encephalitic rabies may have episodes of generalized arousal or hyperexcitability, which are separated by lucid intervals. Hydrophobia is a distinctive feature of this form of disease with contractions of the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles on attempts to swallow. In paralytic rabies, weakness usually develops locally (e.g., in a bitten extremity) and progresses to quadriparesis with facial involvement. Subsequently, there is neurological progression to coma and, if treated aggressively, patients often develop multiple organ failure. The disease is almost invariably fatal.
Rabies (Rhabdoviruses)
2014, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious DiseasesHuman disease
2013, Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its ManagementRabies virus transmission to humans usually occurs by an animal bite, although the bite may not be recognized, particularly with bats. This exposure is followed by an incubation period usually lasting 20 to 90 days, but it may rarely extend for over a year. In humans, 80% of cases have an encephalitic form of disease and 20% have a paralytic form. Patients with encephalitic rabies may have episodes of generalized arousal or hyperexcitability, which are separated by lucid intervals. Hydrophobia is a distinctive feature of this form of disease with contractions of the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles on attempts to swallow. In paralytic rabies, weakness usually develops locally (e.g., in a bitten extremity) and progresses to quadriparesis with facial involvement. Subsequently, there is neurological progression to coma and, if treated aggressively, patients often develop multiple organ failure. The disease is almost invariably fatal, and there have only been rare survivors.
Human Disease
2013, RabiesRabies virus transmission to humans usually occurs by an animal bite, although the bite may not be recognized, particularly with bats. This exposure is followed by an incubation period usually lasting 20 to 90 days, but it may rarely extend for over a year. In humans, 80% of cases have an encephalitic form of disease and 20% have a paralytic form. Patients with encephalitic rabies may have episodes of generalized arousal or hyperexcitability, which are separated by lucid intervals. Hydrophobia is a distinctive feature of this form of disease with contractions of the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles on attempts to swallow. In paralytic rabies, weakness usually develops locally (e.g., in a bitten extremity) and progresses to quadriparesis with facial involvement. Subsequently, there is neurological progression to coma and, if treated aggressively, patients often develop multiple organ failure. The disease is almost invariably fatal, and there have only been rare survivors.
Chapter 10 Viral infections of lower motor neurons
2007, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyThis chapter discusses the pathogenesis and clinical features of the major viral causes of acute flaccid paralysis. Many viruses that infect the human nervous system will occasionally cause lower motor neuron disease. However, for some viruses, the infection of lower motor neurons is an especially common and/or important clinical problem. Poliovirus is the archetypal example, but as the global polio eradication campaign nears completion, the importance of other viruses is increasing. These include not only other enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 (EV71) but also flaviviruses such as West Nile encephalitis (WNE) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Perivascular cuffing with infiltration of inflammatory cells (T-cells and macrophages) is a feature of both human JE and WNE, though in neither disease do the cells appear to transport viral antigen across the blood–brain barrier. In addition, rabies and other lyssaviruses—though better known for causing furious rabies—are also an important viral cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Recent experience has shown an alarming ability for these viruses to spread and cause new outbreaks.
Human Disease
2007, RabiesSince antiquity, rabies has been one of the most feared diseases. Human rabies remains an important public health problem in many developing countries where dog rabies is endemic. A significant number of additional rabies cases probably go unrecognized in the United States and Canada, because undiagnosed acute and fatal neurologic illnesses are common, and a history of an animal exposure may not exist. The infectious cycle of rabies virus is perpetuated mainly through animal bites and the deposition of rabies virus-laden saliva into subcutaneous tissues and muscle. Other types of non bite exposures, including contamination of an open wound, scratch, abrasion, ormucous membrane by saliva or central nervous system tissue from an infected animal, are quite common, although they are rarely responsible for transmission of rabies virus.