We searched PubMed and Google Scholar, mainly for original research articles, meta-analysis or systematic reviews, and organisation recommendations published up to January, 2014. We used the main search terms “type 2 diabetes”, “nutrition”, “diet”, “prevention”, and “management” in combination with specific terms on nutrient or dietary pattern. We largely selected publications in the past 5 years but did not exclude frequently referenced and highly regarded older publications. We also
SeriesPrevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies
Introduction
382 million adults (8·3%) worldwide are living with diabetes, and the estimate is projected to rise to more than 592 million by 2035.1 At least US$147 billion was spent on diabetes health care in Europe, whereas North America and the Caribbean spent $263 billion in 2013.1 Diabetes has become a major cause of death in people younger than 60 years.1 Investment in effective diabetes prevention and management has become necessary to battle this global epidemic.
Along with urbanisation and economic growth, many countries have experienced dietary changes favouring a rise in caloric consumption and decline in overall diet quality.2 Although an unhealthy diet has been regarded as a major contributor to diabetes development for a long time, only in the past two decades has the evidence vastly accumulated from both prospective observational studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs). In this Series, we examine the role of diet in the prevention and management of diabetes.
Section snippets
Nutrition transition and global dietary trends
At a macrolevel, the type 2 diabetes epidemic has been attributed to urbanisation and environmental transitions, including work pattern changes from heavy labour to sedentary occupations, increased computerisation and mechanisation, and improved transportation. Economic growth and environmental transitions have led to drastic changes in food production, processing, and distribution systems and enhanced the accessibility of unhealthy foods.3
Fast food restaurants have experienced exponential
Positive energy balance and excess adiposity
In the past few decades, men and women worldwide have gained weight, largely as a result of changes in dietary patterns and decreased physical activity levels.4 Excess adiposity shown by a higher body-mass index (BMI) is the strongest risk factor for diabetes, and Asian populations tend to develop diabetes at a much lower BMI than do those of European ancestry.5 The risk of diabetes rises as excessive body fat increases, starting from the lower end of the normal range of BMI or waist
Individual foods and food groups
Prospective studies have provided evidence that intake of several individual food items or food groups might play a part in diabetes prevention (figure 3, appendix).25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Wholegrain intake has been consistently associated with a lower risk of diabetes even after adjustment for BMI.25 Conversely, greater intake of white rice, a processed grain, was associated with an increased risk of diabetes,26 especially in Asian populations with white rice as a staple food
Bodyweight loss intervention trials and surgeries
Nutritional therapy recommendations from various organisations for diabetes management support intensive lifestyle interventions to achieve modest weight loss and weight maintenance.61, 62, 63, 64 In the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial,65, 66 an intensive lifestyle intervention for weight loss in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes, weight loss was greater in the intervention group than in the control group (8·6% and 0·7% at 1-year; 6·0% and 3·5% at 9·6-year
Summary and global perspectives
Economic growth and globalisation of trade have led to drastic changes in food production, processing, and distribution systems and have increased the accessibility of unhealthy foods.3 With nutrition transitions, men and women worldwide have experienced excess bodyweight gain accompanied by increased diabetes incidence and complications.4
In the past two decades, evidence from prospective cohort studies and RCTs has shown the importance of individual nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns in
Search strategy and selection criteria
References (90)
- et al.
Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes
Prog Lipid Res
(2009) - et al.
Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Am J Clin Nutr
(2008) - et al.
Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Am J Clin Nutr
(2001) - et al.
Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis
Am J Clin Nutr
(2011) - et al.
Walnut consumption is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women
J Nutr
(2013) - et al.
Plain-water intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women
Am J Clin Nutr
(2012) - et al.
Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: a systematic review
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
(2010) - et al.
The dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating plan affects C-reactive protein, coagulation abnormalities, and hepatic function tests among type 2 diabetic patients
J Nutr
(2011) - et al.
Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
(2013) - et al.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes
Am J Clin Nutr
(2013)
A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial
Am J Clin Nutr
Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease
J Nutr
Generalizability of dietary patterns associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Am J Clin Nutr
Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Am J Clin Nutr
Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
Weight loss prevents urinary incontinence in women with type 2 diabetes: results from the look AHEAD trial
J Urol
Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Am J Clin Nutr
Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes
Am J Clin Nutr
Metabolic effects of alcohol in the form of wine in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Metabolism
IDF diabetes atlas (6th edn.) 2013
Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes
Diabetes Care
Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
Nutr Rev
Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases
N Engl J Med
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women
N Engl J Med
Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis
Epidemiol Rev
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
N Engl J Med
Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
N Engl J Med
Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study
Diabetes Care
The Indian diabetes prevention programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1)
Diabetologia
Diet and risk of type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate
Diabetologia
Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of treated diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial
Arch Intern Med
Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Br J Nutr
Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis
Arch Intern Med
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis
Am J Clin Nutr
Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Diabetes Care
Body iron stores and heme-iron intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
PLoS One
Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Diabetes Care
Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases
Ann Nutr Metab
Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Eur J Clin Nutr
Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Eur J Epidemiol
White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review
BMJ
Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
BMJ
Fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct prospective study and meta-analysis
Eur J Clin Nutr
Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Eur J Clin Nutr
Cited by (872)
Unveiling the breadmaking transformation: Structural and functional insights into Arabinoxylan
2024, Carbohydrate PolymersQuantifying chemical correlations between fruits and processed fruit products: A non-targeted analysis approach
2024, Journal of Chromatography AMultifunctional applications of natural colorants: Preservative, functional ingredient, and sports supplements
2024, Biocatalysis and Agricultural BiotechnologyNovel gene-based therapeutic approaches for the management of hepatic complications in diabetes: Reviewing recent advances
2024, Journal of Diabetes and its ComplicationsType-2 diabetes mellitus remission prediction models after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy based on disease severity scores
2024, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice