Comparison of the Effects of Aqueous and Gellan Ophthalmic Timolol on Peak Exercise Performance in Middle-aged Men
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Applications of Polymers in Ocular Drug Delivery
2020, Applications of Polymers in Drug DeliveryPlasma levels and systemic safety of 0.1% unpreserved Timolol maleate gel, 0.5% Timolol aqueous solution and 0.5% Timolol maleate gel
2012, Journal Francais d'OphtalmologieCitation Excerpt :The reduction of the dose and frequency of administration results in a reduction of the quantity of timolol absorbed into the bloodstream, thus significantly reducing the likelihood of systemic side effects compared with conventional aqueous timolol preparations. Indeed, studies using 0.5% timolol gel formulations and 0.5% timolol gel-forming solution have shown fewer systemic effects in terms of peak heart rate during exercise and pulmonary function compared to placebo or 0.5% timolol aqueous solution [21–24]. More recently, 0.1% timolol gels have proved to be clinically equi-potent to 0.5% timolol in aqueous solution [19,20] with a reduced systemic absorption and fewer side effects [20].
Adrenergic antagonists
2009, Becker-Shaffer's Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas: Eighth EditionOphthalmic timolol in a hydrogel vehicle leads to minor inter-individual variation in timolol concentration in aqueous humor
2009, European Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesSystemic adverse effects of topical ocular treatments
2005, Presse MedicaleTopical drug delivery in the eye
2004, Experimental Eye Research
This study was supported by a grant from Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey.
Reprint requests to Kenneth Dickstein, M.D., Ph.D, Cardiology Division, Central Hospital in Rogaland, Stavanger 4011, Norway; fax: 47-51519905.