The apparent failure of individual probabilistic expressions to distinguish between uncertainty and ignorance, and between certainty and confidence, have swayed researchers to seek alternative formalisms, where confidence measures are provided explicit notation. This paper summarizes how a causal networks formulation of probabilities facilitates the representation of confidence measures as an integral part of a knowledge system that does not require the use of higher order probabilities. We also examine whether Dempster-Shafer intervals represent confidence about probabilities.
