Changes in blood metabolite concentrations in response to repeated capture, anaesthesia and blood sampling in the golden perch, Macquaria ambigua

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90270-Z

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

Volume 103, Issue 3, November 1992, Pages 445-450

Comparative Biochemi...

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Abstract

1.
1. The major metabolic changes associated with repeated capture, aquarium transfer, anaesthesia and blood sampling were investigated in an Australian freshwater fish, the golden perch (Macquaria ambigua),
2.
2. A compounded stress response was seen after repetition of the procedure, in which the plasma glucose rose within 3 hr and amino acid concentrations rose and the serum free fatty acids concentration fell after 24 hr.
3.
3. Alanine was identified as an important circulating energy store in the stress response of golden perch.
4.
4. No change was noted in the serum protein, plasma lactate or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, indicating that tissue damage and hypoxia were absent, and that degradation of free fatty acids did not produce metabolites excess to the requirements of gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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Cumulative acute physiological stress in Atlantic salmon smolts: the effect of osmotic imbalance and the presence of predators
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Influence of handling and/or anaesthesia on stress response in rainbow trout. Effects on liver primary metabolism
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Cited by (23)

Physiological stress responses of two species of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus and Plectropomus maculatus)
2005, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology
The physiological responses of two species of coral trout (Plectropomus maculatus and Plectropomus leopardus) to capture, shallow water and low salinity stressors were investigated. The responses of P. maculatus and P. leopardus to capture stress were characterised by rapid and transient increases in glucose, haemoglobin, haematocrit and lactate, as well as an equally dramatic but delayed increase in cortisol levels that persisted for at least 72 h. The magnitude and duration of the response to capture stress was very similar in both species. In contrast, the levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, haemoglobin and haematocrit were generally elevated sooner and to higher levels in P. maculatus than in P. leopardus after exposure to shallow water stress. Coral trout exposed to reduced salinity showed minimal changes in cortisol, glucose, lactate, haemoglobin and haematocrit, but such changes were not characteristic of a non-specific response to stress. Thus, the physiological stress responses of coral trouts are species-specific and dependent on the nature of the stressor. This observation probably reflects different cortical processes in the brains of P. maculatus and P. leopardus—a result that may be related to the differential variability of the respective environments in which the two species habit.
Physiological responses in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis, L.) subjected to stress by transport and handling
2004, Aquaculture
Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis, L) were subjected to different stressors to determine the patterns of physiological response and recovery in this species. Fish were subjected to stress by transport and acute handling. In both studies, the temporal variation of the most important blood physiological parameters of primary and secondary stress responses was analyzed (for 3 weeks in transport study and for 24 h in handling experiment). Transport caused a slight decrease in serum osmolality for all the study except the 2nd day and a transient increase in haematocrit during the 2nd and 14th days. The most important response was a three-fold increase in cortisol levels (maximum value at 146 ng/ml) and a significant increase in glucose levels (1.5-fold) during the first week after transport, returning to basal levels during the following weeks. After acute handling stress, we observed immediate cortisol rise (peak of 121 ng/ml 2 h after stressor was applied), recovering to basal values 4 h after manipulation. We also found an increase in haematocrit values for all the study and in red blood cells number at 0.5 and 4 h after manipulation. Our results show that, as in other fish, the magnitude and duration of the physiological response are related to the stressor applied and that Eurasian perch shows a plasma cortisol response in the upper range and plasma lactate in the lower range compared to other species.
Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress
2003, General and Comparative Endocrinology
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of two lines selected for low (LR) and high (HR) cortisol stress-responsiveness were subjected to confinement for a period of 336 h. Endocrine (plasma cortisol, hepatic cortisol binding) and metabolic (plasma glucose, lactate, amino acids; hepatic glycogen and alanine aminotransferase levels) indices of stress were measured at intervals in confined and unconfined fish of both lines. During confinement plasma cortisol concentration reached maximum values earlier in HR fish (2 h) than in LR fish (6 h) returning to control values within 336 h in both lines. Paradoxically, although both HR and LR lines displayed a characteristic metabolic stress response, these changes were more pronounced in LR fish. Plasma glucose and lactate levels increased during confinement in both lines but to a significantly greater extent in LR fish. Confinement significantly elevated plasma amino acids to a greater extent in LR fish than in HR fish. Liver glycogen concentration was depleted most rapidly in LR fish but was significantly higher in confined fish of both lines than controls at the end of the experiment. No significant changes were observed in hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity during confinement. Confined fish of both lines displayed a decrease in hepatic cortisol receptor abundance within 24 h and this was more sustained in HR fish. The more pronounced disturbance of a broad range of indicators of stress in confined LR fish, compared to HR fish, throws doubt on the magnitude of the cortisol response being the primary driver of these differences.
Endogenous fuels; non-invasive versus invasive approaches
1995, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes
Fuels are compounds that act as substrates for ATP producing pathways and can be stored to a certain extent. Fuels for anaerobic processes are ATP, PCr and glycogen. These anaerobic processes have a limited capacity, however, their survival value is very high, since they allow either a very high energy flux (exercise) for a short period, or a low energy flux during hypoxia/anoxia for a long period. Fuels for aerobic processes are sugars, lipids and proteins. During catabolism they produce NADH and FADH₂ which are the ultimate substrates for the electron transport chain and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. The quantitation of fuels is fundamental to the understanding of energy metabolism. Most methods are of a destructive nature and cause as such a series of possible artifacts: stress due to handling and sampling, tissue damage, and incomplete metabolite extraction and denaturation of proteins. Most problems occur with those pathways where a high energy flux can be generated such as in muscle, i.e. it is very difficult to obtain low levels for lactate, and a high PCr/total creatine ratio. Another source of interference is where low metabolite levels occur together with high fluxes; this is found with FFA: low levels are easily disturbed due to lipolysis. Non-destructive techniques preclude most but not all problems. The most promising technique is in vivo NMR, which allows metabolite measurements without invasive or destructive actions. Particularly important is the finding that under resting conditions the phosphorylation potential of muscle is very high, resulting in >90 phosphorylation of creatine. Furthermore a review is given of the range of different fuels occurring in different tissues and different species. Obviously glycogen is quantitatively of minor importance in fish. The major energy source is protein, although lipids are in some species of equal importance. Fuel mobilization under hypoxia, exercise and starvation is discussed. Under conditions where anaerobic metabolism is activated, PCr and glycogen are the major fuels, while for long term exercise and starvation, both lipids and proteins are the predominant source of energy.
Primary and secondary stress responses in golden perch, Macquaria ambigua
1994, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), a species of Australian freshwater fish, were subjected to a number of simple stress procedures. Bloodsamples were taken and levels of commonly measured primary and secondary stress response parameters (cortisol, glucose and lactate) were determined. Anaesthesia and exertion of fish prior to bloodsampling affected resting levels of some of the parameters measured. Wild and aquarium-acclimated golden perch had low plasma cortisol levels (< 2 ng/ml). Most fish appeared to adapt well to aquarium conditions, although occasional fish showed indications of being chronically stressed. Golden perch responded quickly to stress (< 5 min), with increased plasma levels of cortisol and lactate. In contrast, glucose levels did not increase until at least 10 min after the stress was initiated; by 30 min, however, the typical hyperglycaemic response was observed. Golden perch recover rapidly from acute stress (< 2.5 hr). Golden perch seem to acclimate quickly to conditions of chronic stress.
Appearance of nutrients in the blood of the golden perch Macquaria ambigua following feeding
1993, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
- 1.
  1. The appearance of nutrients in the systemic blood following feeding were investigated in an Australian freshwater fish, the golden perch (Macquaria ambigua).
- 2.
  2. Total gut transit time of a single meal was found to be 96.9 hr (SE = 10.13 hr, N = 9) which is greater than has been described for other species.
- 3.
  3. A significant peak in total amino acid concentration was observed at 24 hr after feeding. Total non-essential amino acids concentration was significantly above control levels by 9 hr, and peaked at 24 hr after feeding, while total essential amino acid concentration did not rise significantly until 12hr and did not peak until 36 hr after feeding. In addition, the relative proportion of essential amino acids found in the blood following feeding was greater than would be expected based on the composition of the diet.
- 4.
  4. No significant variations were seen in glucose, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, lactate or total protein concentration as a result of feeding.

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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

Abstract

References (27)

Postprandial distribution of free amino acids between plasma and erythrocytes of common carp (Cyprinius carpio)

Comp. Biochem. Physiol.

Hormonal and metabolite effects on plasma free fatty acids in the northern pike Esox lucius L

Gen. comp. Endocr.

Cumulative acute physiological stress in Atlantic salmon smolts: the effect of osmotic imbalance and the presence of predators

Aquaculture

Influence of handling and/or anaesthesia on stress response in rainbow trout. Effects on liver primary metabolism

Comp. Biochem. Physiol.

A simplification of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable

Analyt. Biochem.

Quantitation of tryptophan and other plasma amino acids by automated precolumn 0-phthaldialdehyde derivatisation high performance liquid chromatography: improved sample preparation

J. Chromatogr.

A Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Victoria

Intermediary metabolism

A literature review of the blood chemistry of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich

J. Fish Biol.

Effects of repeated blood sampling on some blood parameters in freshwater fish

J. Fish Biol.

Some physiological effects of handling and tricaine methanesulphonate anaesthetisation upon the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada

Variations in the blood and tissue chemistry of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, subsequent to handling, anaesthesia and study

J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada

Ketone bodies in the blood of salmonid fishes

J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada

Cited by (23)

Physiological stress responses of two species of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus and Plectropomus maculatus)

Physiological responses in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis, L.) subjected to stress by transport and handling

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Endogenous fuels; non-invasive versus invasive approaches

Primary and secondary stress responses in golden perch, Macquaria ambigua

Appearance of nutrients in the blood of the golden perch Macquaria ambigua following feeding