Potentiometric evidence for the active transport of sodium and chloride across excised gills of Callinectes sapidus

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(71)90301-X

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

Volume 39, Issue 3, 1 July 1971, Pages 367-378

Comparative Biochemi...

https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(71)90301-X Get rights and content

Abstract

1.
1. The haemolymph of Callinectes sapidus acclimated to fresh water is always negative with respect to the medium.
2.
2. This negative potential is the result of differential permeability and active transport processes.
3.
3. The whole gill is preferentially permeable to sodium with respect to chloride. The preferential permeability is primarily a function of the cuticle.
4.
4. Both sodium and chloride are actively transported inward. Sodium is moved against a concentration gradient but down an electrical gradient. Chloride moves against both an electrical and concentration gradient.

References (17)

B.S. Ballard et al.
Osmotic accommodation in
Callinectes sapidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol
(1969)
G.W. Bryan
Sodium regulation in the crayfish Astacus fluviatilis
J. exp. Biol.
(1960)
P.C. Croghan et al.
The electrical potential difference across the epithelium of isolated gills of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes lereboullet
J. exp. Biol.
(1965)
P.S.B. Digby
Semi-conduction and electrode processes in biological material—I. Crustacea and certain soft bodied forms
C.A. Gifford
Some aspects of osmotic and ionic regulation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the ghost crab, Ocypode albicans
Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. (Univ. Texas)
(1962)
L.B. Kirschner
On the mechanism of active sodium transport across the frog skin
J. cell. comp. Physiol.
(1955)
A.R. Koch
Transport equations and criteria for active transport
Am. Zool.
(1970)
J.R. Linton et al.
The relation between gill cholinesterase and sodium regulation in four Brachyuran crabs
Am. Zool.
(1965)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (23)

Osmoregulation
2023, Ecophysiology of the European Green Crab (Carcinus Maenas) and Related Species: Mechanisms Behind the Success of a Global Invader
Carcinus maenas is a successful globally invasive species in part due to its ability to survive in waters of low and fluctuating salinity. An osmotic/ionic conformer in full-strength seawater, this species makes the physiological transition to osmoregulation in salinities below 27 ppt. C. maenas is classified as a moderately strong regulator, maintaining its haemolymph osmotic concentrations up to 350 mOsm kg⁻¹ above ambient at the lower end of its salinity tolerance. The mechanism of osmoregulation lies in the active transport of ions by the posterior gills, with some conservation of ions through reabsorption via the antennal gland. Na⁺ and Cl⁻ are actively taken up from the ambient medium through a transport mechanism that involves multiple transport proteins localized to the apical and basolateral membranes of the gill and in the cytoplasm. The expression and activity of these proteins are salinity sensitive, being upregulated in low salinity when the crab makes the transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation. The regulatory process is believed to be under inhibitory control by a putative repressor found in the major endocrine complex of the crab’s eyestalk, the X organ/sinus gland complex. The regulatory process appears to break down at the level of protein synthesis near the lower limit of salinity tolerance of the species, providing an insight into the nature of physiological stress.
Salinity-mediated carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas
2003, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology
The euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas, is a relatively strong osmotic and ionic regulator, being able to maintain its hemolymph osmolality as much as 300 mOsm higher than that in the medium when the crab is acclimated to low salinity. It makes the transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation at a critical salinity of 26 ppt, and new acclimated concentrations of hemolymph osmotic and ionic constituents are reached within 12 h after transfer to low salinity. One of the central features of this transition is an 8-fold induction of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the gills. This induction occurs primarily in the cytoplasmic pool of CA in the posterior, ion-transporting gills, although the membrane-associated fraction of CA also shows some induction in response to low salinity. Inhibition of branchial CA activity with acetazolamide (Az) has no effect in crabs acclimated to 32 ppt but causes a depression in hemolymph osmotic and ionic concentrations in crabs acclimated to 10 ppt. The salinity-sensitive nature of the cytoplasmic CA pool and the sensitivity of hemolymph osmotic/ionic regulation to Az confirm the enzyme's role in ion transport and regulation in this species. CA induction is a result of gene activation, as evidenced by an increase in CA mRNA at 24 h after transfer to low salinity and an increase in protein-specific CA activity immediately following at 48 h post-transfer. CA gene expression appears to be under inhibitory control by an as-yet unidentified repressor substance found in the major endocrine complex of the crab, the eyestalk.
Effects of acclimation salinity on sodium fluxes in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)
1994, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
Blue crabs were acclimated under laboratory conditions to artificial seawater media ranging from 0 to 908 mOsm/l. A significant direct correlation existed between hemolymph Na⁺ concentration and salinity of the acclimation medium. The crabs strongly regulated hemolymph Na⁺ concentrations in dilute media. Rates of unidirectional Na⁺ influx and combined flux (influx and efflux) also exhibited a significant positive correlation with acclimation salinity. Apparently, blue crabs tolerate rapid bidirectional exchanges of Na⁺ across the body surface when they osmoconfonn in high salinity environments, but dramatically limit such movements during hyperosmoregulation in dilute media.
The transepithelial potential difference of isolated perfused gills of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to fresh water
1988, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
- 1.
  1. The so-called anterior and posterior gills of the euryhaline Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to fresh water show polarities of opposite signs when bathed with the same saline on both sides.
- 2.
  2. The transepithelial potential difference (PD) in the anterior gills can be accounted for by several diffusive components for Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻. At the serosal side of the epithelium, one has to consider diffusion potentials for K⁺ and Cl⁻ short-circuited by a Na⁺-diffusion potential. The PD at the apical side is essentially generated by Na⁺ diffusion.
- 3.
  3. Besides these cellular components, a transepithelial diffusion of Na⁺, likely to occur through paracellular pathways, also has to be taken into consideration when Na⁺ gradients are applied to the epithelium.
- 4.
  4. The PD in the posterior gills can be satisfactorily explained considering diffusive movements of Cl⁻ at the apical side and diffusive movements of K⁺ short-circuited by Cl⁻ outward movements at the serosal side.
- 5.
  5. The posterior gills are the site of independent active transports of Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Our results indicate that these processes implicate at least (1) amiloride sensitive Na⁺/H⁺ and SITS sensitive Cl~/HCOf antiporters at the apical side; and (2) the ouabain sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ exchange system at the serosal side.
Sodium transport across the perfused midgut and hindgut of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: The possible role of the gut in crustacean osmoregulation
1987, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
- 1.
  1. The midgut of Callinectes sapidus was capable of net transmural sodium transport. The rate of absorption was comparable to that of isolated gut tissues of many other species.
- 2.
  2. Net Na⁺ fluxes determined in crabs acclimated at 7%. and 34%. S were not significantly different, thus providing no evidence for a major role of the midgut in sodium balance. A reduction in passive Na⁺ permeability with reduced salinity, however, was suggested.
- 3.
  3. There was no measurable net sodium transport across the hindgut of the animal.
Inducement of increased gill NA<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase activity by a hemolymph factor in hyperosmoregulating Callinectes sapidus
1983, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
- 1.
  1. The branchial Na⁺ -K⁺ ATPase activity was significantly greater in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) acclimated to 30% seawater (30% SW) than it was in those acclimated to 100% seawater (100% SW).
- 2.
  2. In crabs acclimated to 100% SW. but given an injection of serum from animals exposed to 30% SW, the gill Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity was significantly greater than that observed in crabs acclimated to 100% SW and given serum from 100% SW animals.
- 3.
  3. There was no significant difference between the relative gill weights (expressed as per cent of the body weight) in representative crabs acclimated to 100% SW and 30% SW.
- 4.
  4. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a serum borne agent may induce increased ATPase activity at the gill membrane of hyperosmoregulating blue crabs.

View all citing articles on Scopus

^☆: This paper was part of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Zoology in the University of South Florida.

View full text

Article preview

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

Abstract

References (17)

Osmotic accommodation in

Callinectes sapidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol

Sodium regulation in the crayfish Astacus fluviatilis

J. exp. Biol.

The electrical potential difference across the epithelium of isolated gills of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes lereboullet

J. exp. Biol.

Semi-conduction and electrode processes in biological material—I. Crustacea and certain soft bodied forms

Some aspects of osmotic and ionic regulation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the ghost crab, Ocypode albicans

Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. (Univ. Texas)

On the mechanism of active sodium transport across the frog skin

J. cell. comp. Physiol.

Transport equations and criteria for active transport

Am. Zool.

The relation between gill cholinesterase and sodium regulation in four Brachyuran crabs

Am. Zool.

Cited by (23)

Osmoregulation

Salinity-mediated carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas

Effects of acclimation salinity on sodium fluxes in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

The transepithelial potential difference of isolated perfused gills of the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to fresh water

Sodium transport across the perfused midgut and hindgut of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: The possible role of the gut in crustacean osmoregulation

Inducement of increased gill NA<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase activity by a hemolymph factor in hyperosmoregulating Callinectes sapidus

Potentiometric evidence for the active transport of sodium and chloride across excised gills of Callinectes sapidus☆

Abstract

Callinectes sapidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol

Sodium regulation in the crayfish Astacus fluviatilis

J. exp. Biol.

The electrical potential difference across the epithelium of isolated gills of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes lereboullet

J. exp. Biol.

Semi-conduction and electrode processes in biological material—I. Crustacea and certain soft bodied forms

Some aspects of osmotic and ionic regulation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the ghost crab, Ocypode albicans

Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. (Univ. Texas)

On the mechanism of active sodium transport across the frog skin

J. cell. comp. Physiol.

Transport equations and criteria for active transport

Am. Zool.

The relation between gill cholinesterase and sodium regulation in four Brachyuran crabs

Am. Zool.