Immunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation: initiation by urocanic acid

doi:10.1016/0167-5699(92)90005-R

Immunology Today

Volume 13, Issue 7, 1992, Pages 250-254

Immunology Today

https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(92)90005-R Get rights and content

Abstract

Irradiation with UV-B, a component of natural sunlight, initiates systemic immunosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. This may be a fundamental regulatory mechanism, controlling the interaction between mammals and potentially deleterious environmental UV radiation. Here, Frances Noonan and Edward De Fabo assess the evidence that suppression is initiated by the photoisomerization of trans-urocanic acid (UCA) in the stratum corneum, discuss the significance of this mechanism for skin cancer outgrowth and propose applications for UCA in transplantation.

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La peau joue le rôle d’interface entre l’organisme et son milieu environnant. L’épiderme, la couche la plus superficielle de la peau, assure essentiellement cette fonction de protection interactive. La barrière épidermique peut être sous-divisée en trois systèmes de défense : la barrière photoprotectrice ; la barrière immunitaire ; la barrière physique et chimique de la couche cornée. Afin de se protéger des rayonnements ultraviolets nocifs, l’épiderme dispose de facteurs d’absorption tels la mélanine, produite par les mélanocytes, et l’acide urocanique – un produit de dégradation de la filaggrine. Le système épidermique de défense immunitaire comprend un versant inné, rapide mais non spécifique, et la réponse adaptative, systémique et spécifique d’antigène, initiée par les cellules de Langerhans. Le produit de la différenciation terminale des kératinocytes épidermiques, le stratum corneum, assure la fonction essentielle de barrière physique et chimique de perméabilité. Cette couche cornée est constituée de cornéocytes, dotés d’enveloppes cornifiées et liés entre eux par des cornéodesmosomes, et de la matrice extracellulaire lipidique organisée en feuillets. La barrière épidermique, en constant renouvellement, se caractérise par une très grande capacité d’adaptation aux conditions changeantes de l’environnement.
The skin acts as an interface between the body and its surrounding environment. The epidermis, the surface layer of the skin, is chiefly responsible for this interactive protective function. The epidermal barrier may be subdivided into three defensive systems: the photoprotective barrier, the immune barrier, and the physical and chemical barrier of the stratum corneum or horny layer. To protect against harmful ultraviolet radiation, the epidermis has absorption factors such as melanin, produced by melanocytes, and urocanic acid, which is a degradation product of filaggrin. The epidermal immune defence system comprises an innate component, which is rapid but non-specific, together with adaptive response, which is systemic and antigen-specific, initiated by Langerhans cells. The stratum corneum, derived from terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, plays a key role as a physical and chemical permeability barrier. This horny layer is made up of corneocytes, covered with horny envelopes and linked to one another by corneodesmosomes and by extracellular matrix sheets. The epidermal barrier, which is constantly being renewed, is characterised by its extremely great capacity of adaptation to changing conditions in the environment.
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Citation Excerpt :
The cis isomer interacts with a fibroblast cell of skin and stimulates the cells to produce systemic factors. These alter the process of foreign antigens carried by antigen-presenting cell (APC) and the T-cell receptors (TCRs) receive wrong information [58]. Kammeyer et al. suggested that cis-UCA increases during UV exposure, and then returns to normal within 10 h. Elimination of cis-UCA from the skin may be faster than replacement of trans-UCA [59].
A new approach to the study of the effects on human skin of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and gadusol (Gad) incorporated in polymer gel is proposed in this work. The depth profile and photoprotector effects of Pluronic F127® gels containing each of the natural actives were evaluated by in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy aiming at the analysis of the biochemical changes on human skin. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the data corresponding to different depths of the skin, from surface to 4 μm, and from 6 to 16 μm, remained in the same cluster. In vivo Raman spectra, classified into five different layers of epidermis according to their similarities, indicated that the amount of Gad gel increased by about 26% in the outermost layer of the stratum corneum (SC) and that MAAs gel at 2 μm depth was 103.4% higher than in the outermost layer of the SC. Variations in the SC of urocanic acid at 1490–1515 cm^− 1 and 1652 cm^− 1 and histidine at 1318 cm^− 1 were calculated, before and after UV exposure with or without gels. With the application of gels the vibrational modes that correspond to lipids in trans conformation (1063 and 1128 cm^− 1) increased with respect to normal skin, whereas gauche conformation (1085 cm^− 1) disappeared. Our studies suggest that gels protected the skin against the stress of the natural defense mechanism caused by high levels of UV exposure.

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viewpointImmunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation: initiation by urocanic acid

Abstract

Lancet

J. Invest. Dermatol.

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol.

J. Invest. Dermatol.

Chem. Biol. Interact.

J. Invest. Dermatol.

J. Invest. Dermatol.

Immunol. Today

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol

Science

Transplantation

Photochem. Photobiol.

Immunol. Cell Biol.

Infect. Immun.

J. Immunol.

Photochem. Photobiol.

Photochem. Photobiol.

Photochem. Photobiol.

Photochem. Photobiol.

Immunology

J. Immunol.

J. Exp. Med.

viewpoint
Immunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation: initiation by urocanic acid