Biodegradation of 2,4-D and related xenobiotic compounds

doi:10.1016/0141-0229(86)90145-6

Enzyme and Microbial Technology

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 1986, Pages 395-403

https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(86)90145-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

Organisms capable of degrading 2,4-D and related compounds have been studied in pure and mixed cultures. Most studies have been conducted under aerobic conditions. Some of the environmental factors identified to be significant in determining biodegradation rates include pH, temperature, aeration, supplemental nutrient supplies, culture enrichment and substrate concentration range. The Monod model appears to be most applicable to xenobiotic degradation in low substrate concentration ranges, where inhibition effects are not significant. The Haldane model provides a more complete description over a broad range of substrate concentrations because it takes substrate inhibition into account. Inhibitory effects caused by biodegradation products need to be modelled in some applications. Modelling of cometabolism is necessary to describe microbial degradation at very low concentrations. Several models are examined to determine their applicability in correlating physicochemical properties to biodegradation rate constants that can be applied to either cometabolic or growth associated substrate utilization.

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Thus, the absence of biodegradation of BAM, chloridazon, mecoprop, ioxitalamic acid and benzotriazole by AMO could be explained by the presence of the aforementioned functional groups in these compounds (Table S1). Although 2,4-D contains impeding functional groups (chloride), the aerobic pathway of 2,4-D biodegradation can start with the hydroxylation of the acetic acid side chain (Sinton et al., 1986). Similarly, caffeine contains both affinitive and impeding functional groups (Table S1), but the three outside alkyl groups are firstly degraded during caffeine biodegradation (Dash and Gummadi, 2006).
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This is precisely the case for the 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) used in this study as a generic model compound (Don and Weightman, 1985; Pieper et al., 1988; Boivin et al., 2005). Bacterial degradation of soil carbon has generally been modeled with the Monod equation, where the specific substrate uptake rate is controlled by substrate concentration and bacterial traits such as the maximum specific growth rate, the yield (or carbon use efficiency) and the “maximum specific uptake efficiency” (e.g. Monod, 1949; Sinton et al., 1986; Cheyns et al., 2010). With the Monod equation, at the lowest substrate concentration, the specific uptake rate is linearly proportional to the substrate concentration.
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There are many technologies available for the treatment of wastewaters polluted with organochlorine compounds. The bioremediation technique was tested in 2,4-D removal (Sinton et al., 1986) and for several organochlorine compounds (Neilsen, 1996). Recent developments for the removal of 2,4 -D (Carboneras et al., 2017; Chinalia and Killham, 2006; González-Cuna et al., 2016; Sandoval-Carrasco et al., 2013) and for the removal of atrazine by bioremediation-related technologies have been reported in literature (Noor et al., 2014; Wackett et al., 2002).
This study deals with the development of efficient and economic electrochemical treatment processes to confront the treatment of liquid wastes containing non-polar organochlorine pesticides. In previous works, it was demonstrated that it is possible to use electrocoagulation (EC) as a concentration technique for a model organochlorine pesticide (oxyfluorfen). Within this framework, the present work describes a process for the degradation of wastes containing non-polar organochlorines (oxyfluorfen or lindane) in two consecutive stages: 1) a first stage of concentration by electrocoagulation; 2) a second stage of electrochemical degradation by electro-oxidation (EO) or electro-Fenton (EF). The first result reached in the present work is that it is possible to remove close to 50% of both pollutants using EO and more that 94% using EF. Additionally, it was proved that the addition of a pre-concentration stage decreases by a factor of 20 the power consumption needed to deplete by EO the same amount of the initial pollutant. Moreover, when EF process is performed to the concentrated stream, the power consumption is further reduced, getting values (for 1-log removal) as low as 14.51 kWh m⁻³ for oxyfluorfen decrease and 49.7 kWh m⁻³ for lindane. These results strengthen the fact that the removal efficiency increases with the concentration of the pollutant and demonstrate that the combination of concentration steps and electrochemical degradation technologies is an efficient and promising alternative for the degradation of non-polar organochlorines.
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This phenomenon is likely the result of limited biodegradation which reduced 2,4-D concentrations to the same extent in all the test vessels, but proportionately this had a greater effect at the two lowest nominal concentrations. A large variety of microorganisms are capable of degrading 2,4-D via aerobic oxidation, and this degradation is maximized at temperatures ranging from 21 to 25 °C (USEPA, 2005; Sinton et al., 1986). Biodegradation likely increased following the first week of exposure due to an increased microbial population in the test vessels that were capable of degrading 2,4-D. None of the analyses of the control vessels exhibited an elution peak at the retention time for 2,4-D at a concentration exceeding the lowest level quantified (LLQ), which was equivalent to 0.120 mg ae 2,4-D/L.
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ReviewBiodegradation of 2,4-D and related xenobiotic compounds

Abstract

Enzyme Microb. Technol.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett.

Water Res.

Chemosphere

National Geographic

J. Gen. Microbiol.

J. Plant Soil

J. Gen. Microbiol.

Can. J. Microbiol.

Can. J. Microbiol.

Arch. Microbiol.

J. Bacteriol.

J. Bacteriol.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Can. J. Microbiol.

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Appl. Microbiol.

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Nature

J. Chem. Soc.

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J. Bacteriol.

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Acta Agric. Scand.

Appl. Microbiol.

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Review
Biodegradation of 2,4-D and related xenobiotic compounds