Prostaglandin synthesis inhibited by formamidine pesticides
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Agrochemicals in the Food Chain
2022, Present Knowledge in Food Safety: A Risk-Based Approach through the Food ChainAluminized Polyborate: A New and Eco-friendly Catalyst for the Synthesis of Symmetrical N,N’-Di(aryl/alkyl)formamidines
2022, Organic Preparations and Procedures InternationalNeurotoxicity of amitraz, a formamidine pesticide
2020, Advances in NeurotoxicologyCitation Excerpt :While most effects of formamidine in the CNS and the periphery can be attributed to activation of pre- and/or post-synaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors, there are other targets of formamidines that have been reported, and in some cases such additional mechanisms may be involved in effects seen in animals and/or humans as a result of exposure to amitraz or chlordimeform. Yim et al. (1978) found that both amitraz (IC50 = 880 μM) and chlordimeform (IC50 = 34 μM) could inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 in bovine seminal microsomes. This effect is believed to be responsible for the observed hypothermic and anti-inflammatory effect of formamidines, observed by several investigators (Andrade and Sakate, 2003; Crofton et al., 1987; Hugnet et al., 1996; Moser, 1991; Yim et al., 1978).
Amitraz changes NE, DA and 5-HT biosynthesis and metabolism mediated by alterations in estradiol content in CNS of male rats
2017, ChemosphereCitation Excerpt :Thus, amitraz's α2-adrenergic receptors action could contribute either directly or indirectly, through insulin dysregulation, to the observed effects on monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Amitraz alters other hormones such as prostaglandin E2 (Yim et al., 1978). In this regard, the expression of TH has been shown to be regulated by prostaglandin E2 in vitro (Kim et al., 1996).
Effects of exposure to amitraz on noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine levels in brain regions of 30 and 60 days old male rats
2013, ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :Recently it was demonstrated that maternal exposure to amitraz affected the development of the monoaminergic systems (Del Pino et al., 2011). In addition, amitraz alters prostaglandin synthesis (Yim et al., 1978), exerts local anesthetic effects (Chinn et al., 1977; Pfister and Yim, 1977) and has α2 receptor agonist properties (Altobelli et al., 2001; Costa et al., 1988; Costa and Murphy, 1987). Other biological activity of amitraz has been recently reported; amitraz induced hepatic 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) metabolism in female and male rats (Chou et al., 2008).